As the new year dawns, the future looks rosy. Good news for e-governance comes from bellwether Obamaland where citizens have expressed greater satisfaction in government websites than all the federal agencies combined. While the same cannot be said to be true in case of developing countries, it shows the continuing great promise of e-governance worldwide. Read commentary by Professor Claes Fornell, The Donald C. Cook Professor of Business Administration, and Director, National Quality Research Center, Stephen M. Ross Business School at the University of Michigan and Dennis McDonald’s blog .Prof Fornell, among other things, observes: User satisfaction with government websites, as measured in the third quarter, scores 73.9, 7% higher than the aggregate for all federal government agencies.
Have a Happy New Year and Good E-governance.
Wednesday, December 31, 2008
Friday, December 26, 2008
National Conference for E-governance, February 12-13, Goa: Papers invited for the Compendium
Papers have been invited by the Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances, Government of India, New Delhi for the Compendium to be brought out on the occasion of the 12th National Conference on e-Governance scheduled for February 12-13, 2009 at Holiday Inn, Mobor Beach, Cavelossim, Goa.The last date for submission of papers is January 15, 2009
Monday, December 22, 2008
Misra, D.C. (2009): 2009 Top Ten IT Books
This is a list of ten information technology (IT) general interest books (as distinct from technical books and DIY manuals) reviewed cumulatively at the end of year 2008 and covers a wide variety of subjects ranging from atoms and bits to human consciousness. The review finds that no book qualifies to be called a classic and an IT classic of general interest is yet to be written. The list will be of interest to general readers.
Misra, D.C. (2009): 2009 Top Ten IT Books
This is not a list of top ten information technology (IT) books published during 2008 nor a list based on any objective criterion (like number of copies sold). It is a list of top ten IT books at the end of the year 2008. The books are also of general interest, that is, non-technical IT books and the list excludes DIY manuals and technical texts. The only criterion of selection I have used is that the book should have excited me when it came to my notice for the first time and sustained my interest in reading it. When I decided to prepare the list, I did not realize that the task was so difficult, for I would have loved to include many more books but couldn’t due to limitation on number! So here is my list, subjective as it is:
1. Negroponte, Nicholas (1996): Being Digital, London, Hodder and Stoughton. First published in 1995. (Told me about the difference between atoms (physical world) and bit (electronic world).
2. Gates, Bill with Nathan Myhrvold (1995): The Road Ahead, London, Penguin. (The first visionary account of IT I read by Gates Version 1.0 when he was an IT missionary. Gates Version 2.0 turned out to be a pure businessman).
3. Dertouzos, Michael L. (1997): What Will Be: How the New World of Information Will Change Our Lives, New York, Harper Collins (A guide to the future speculating about wide varieties of technologies and gadgets. It has a chapter on government too).
4. Gilder, George (2000): Telecosm: How Infinite Bandwidth Will Revolutionize Our World, New York, The Free Press (The first book which told me about the telecom infrastructure, particularly fibre-optic cables and subsequent promise of availability of cheap bandwidth).
5. Hafner, Katie and Matthew Lyon (1996): Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the Internet, New York, Simon and Schuster. (The first “definitive” history of the origin of Internet I read which kept me awake too.).
6. Brooks, Frederick (2000): The Mythical Man-Month: Essays on Software Engineering, Addison Wesley Longman. Anniversary edition. First published 1975. (The fact that it was widely quoted aroused my curiosity and when I read it I found it pure gold!).
7. Raymond, Eric S. (2001): The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary, Sebastopol, CA, O’Reilly. Revised edition. First published 1999.(All about hackerdom and propriety versus open source debate).
8. Moody, Glyn (2001): Rebel Code: How Linus Torvalds, Linux and the Open Source Movement Are Outmastering Microsoft, London, Penguin (A thrilling history of open source movement).
9. Himanen, Pekka (2001): The Hacker Ethic and the Spirit of the Information Age, London, Random House. (All about hackerism by an author who got his Ph.D. at the age of 20 years!).
10. Penrose, Roger (1994): Shadows of the Mind: A Search for the Missing Science of Consciousness, London, Random House. First published in 1994. (All about human consciousness and the still continuing debate about man versus computer by a powerful mind).
Does any book qualify to be called a “classic,” a book which does not date and invites you to be read again? I am afraid not. The nearest a book goes to the level of a classic is Brooks’ Mythical Man-Month but the book has become out of date. No other book attracts you to be read again, their arguments, insights, etc. having become familiar and thus uninviting. Note also that no book published during last seven years (2002-08) figures in the list. Is it a sign of a decline in creativity? It appears that an IT classic is yet to be written. Any takers?
Have a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year.
Dr D.C.Misra
December 22, 2008
Misra, D.C. (2009): 2009 Top Ten IT Books
This is not a list of top ten information technology (IT) books published during 2008 nor a list based on any objective criterion (like number of copies sold). It is a list of top ten IT books at the end of the year 2008. The books are also of general interest, that is, non-technical IT books and the list excludes DIY manuals and technical texts. The only criterion of selection I have used is that the book should have excited me when it came to my notice for the first time and sustained my interest in reading it. When I decided to prepare the list, I did not realize that the task was so difficult, for I would have loved to include many more books but couldn’t due to limitation on number! So here is my list, subjective as it is:
1. Negroponte, Nicholas (1996): Being Digital, London, Hodder and Stoughton. First published in 1995. (Told me about the difference between atoms (physical world) and bit (electronic world).
2. Gates, Bill with Nathan Myhrvold (1995): The Road Ahead, London, Penguin. (The first visionary account of IT I read by Gates Version 1.0 when he was an IT missionary. Gates Version 2.0 turned out to be a pure businessman).
3. Dertouzos, Michael L. (1997): What Will Be: How the New World of Information Will Change Our Lives, New York, Harper Collins (A guide to the future speculating about wide varieties of technologies and gadgets. It has a chapter on government too).
4. Gilder, George (2000): Telecosm: How Infinite Bandwidth Will Revolutionize Our World, New York, The Free Press (The first book which told me about the telecom infrastructure, particularly fibre-optic cables and subsequent promise of availability of cheap bandwidth).
5. Hafner, Katie and Matthew Lyon (1996): Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the Internet, New York, Simon and Schuster. (The first “definitive” history of the origin of Internet I read which kept me awake too.).
6. Brooks, Frederick (2000): The Mythical Man-Month: Essays on Software Engineering, Addison Wesley Longman. Anniversary edition. First published 1975. (The fact that it was widely quoted aroused my curiosity and when I read it I found it pure gold!).
7. Raymond, Eric S. (2001): The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary, Sebastopol, CA, O’Reilly. Revised edition. First published 1999.(All about hackerdom and propriety versus open source debate).
8. Moody, Glyn (2001): Rebel Code: How Linus Torvalds, Linux and the Open Source Movement Are Outmastering Microsoft, London, Penguin (A thrilling history of open source movement).
9. Himanen, Pekka (2001): The Hacker Ethic and the Spirit of the Information Age, London, Random House. (All about hackerism by an author who got his Ph.D. at the age of 20 years!).
10. Penrose, Roger (1994): Shadows of the Mind: A Search for the Missing Science of Consciousness, London, Random House. First published in 1994. (All about human consciousness and the still continuing debate about man versus computer by a powerful mind).
Does any book qualify to be called a “classic,” a book which does not date and invites you to be read again? I am afraid not. The nearest a book goes to the level of a classic is Brooks’ Mythical Man-Month but the book has become out of date. No other book attracts you to be read again, their arguments, insights, etc. having become familiar and thus uninviting. Note also that no book published during last seven years (2002-08) figures in the list. Is it a sign of a decline in creativity? It appears that an IT classic is yet to be written. Any takers?
Have a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year.
Dr D.C.Misra
December 22, 2008
Sunday, December 21, 2008
Stallman inaugurates Centre for Excellence in E-governance in IIT, New Delhi
Richard Stallman, Founder of GNU Project and Free Software Foundation, inaugurated the Centre for Excellence in E-governance in Department of Management Studies,Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi on Thursday, December 18, 2008 as part of 6th International Conference on E-governance (December 18-20, 2008).The Centre is supported by Sun Microsystems, India.
Dr D.C.Misra
December 20,2008
Dr D.C.Misra
December 20,2008
Thursday, December 18, 2008
Much government web content is written in “governmentese” instead of plain language, says a white paper of Federal Web Managers Council
Much government web content is written in “governmentese” instead of plain language, says a white paper* developed by the Federal Web Managers Council, comprised of Cabinet agency Web Directors. The paper suggests (i) Establish Web Communications as a core government business function, (ii) Help the public complete common government tasks efficiently, (iii) Clean up the clutter so people can find what they need online, (iv) Engage the public in a dialogue to improve our customer service, (v) Engage the public in a dialogue to improve our customer service, (vi) Ensure the public gets the same answer whether they use the web, phone, email, print, or visit in-person, (vii) Ensure underserved populations can access critical information online. All of these are sound suggestions. Item (vi) is perhaps most difficult to ensure in practice. There are about 24,000 government websites now online, notes the white paper. The Council has also invited comments on the white paper. Mercifully it is a 3-page white paper. Surely worth a look.
Dr D.C.Misra
______________________________________________________________________________________
FWMC (Federal Web Managers Council) (2008): Putting Citizens First: Transforming Online Government, A White Paper Written for the 2008 – 2009 Presidential Transition Team, November, http://www.usa.gov/webcontent/documents/Federal_Web_Managers_WhitePaper.pdf (accessed: December 18, 2008).
Dr D.C.Misra
______________________________________________________________________________________
FWMC (Federal Web Managers Council) (2008): Putting Citizens First: Transforming Online Government, A White Paper Written for the 2008 – 2009 Presidential Transition Team, November, http://www.usa.gov/webcontent/documents/Federal_Web_Managers_WhitePaper.pdf (accessed: December 18, 2008).
Monday, December 01, 2008
Ten Guiding Principles for E-civil Service
Ten Guiding Principles for E-civil Service
by
D.C.Misra*
_____________________________________________________________________________________
I Introduction
Is there anything called e-civil service or electronic civil service? If so, what is it? How does it differ from the traditional civil service? How can it keep pace with technological developments? What role does it have in Government 2.0? Is there any conflict between old conduct rules for the civil servants and the new environment? What role does e-civil service play in the development of e-government? Does it require separate recognition as an entity and support so that it can accelerate the pace of development of e-government worldwide? Questions like these must be asked and replies attempted as they have direct bearing on the future course of development of e-government.
II E-civil Service
There are two primary drivers of e-government: technology vendors and civil service. Technology vendors have succeeded in promoting e-government but to a limited extent. Their limitation is that their promotion of e-government is limited to their own technology. Civil service has also promoted e-government but to a much lesser extent. Its limitations are that it works under a rule-bound environment, is always caught napping in technology developments, and above all, has no motivation to promote e-government. Among the two, however, civil service has greater stakes in e-government as it is required to serve the government in power as well as citizens.
Government implements its decisions through civil service. The civil service also provides policy inputs. Civil service is appropriately described as the backbone of government as government policies and programme can fail in implementation by the civil service or wrong policies can be formulated with its help. What, however, is not recognized is the quiet emergence of e-civil service or electronic civil service in tandem with the emergence of e-government since mid-1990s. If e-government is to succeed, not only the emergence of e-civil service has to be recognized but strengthened as well so as to enable it face the new challenge of e-government competently.
E-civil service or electronic civil service may be defined in two important and markedly different senses:
E-civil service or electronic civil service: As the civil service using information and communication technology (ICT) in conducting its internal work and external public service delivery. It differs from the traditional civil service on a number of important parameters. We will refer to it as e-civil service or electronic civil service.
Ai-civil service or artificial intelligence (AI) civil service: As artificial intelligence (AI) agents performing the civil service jobs, say, determining amount of fine in traffic violations. Chun (2007) describes application of artificial intelligence (AI) in immigration control in Hong Kong special administrative region (SAR) by using assessment rule engine, schema-based reasoning engine, workflow rule engine, case-based reasoning (CBR) engine, and self-learning engine. E-civil service and AI- civil service can be distinguished.
The emergence of e-government has increased the responsibility of civil service by incorporating the requirements of e-civil service and ai-civil service. In the initial stages of development of e-government, the traditional civil service, e-civil service and ai-civil service will all co-exist. E-civil service and ai-civil service are thus add-on to the existing civil service and not its replacement. It is only in the final stage that one can think of e-civil service and ai-civil service replacing the traditional civil service, and that too only in part, notwithstanding the projections of futurologists. However, e-civil service and ai-civil service both will gain increasingly more ground with the passage of time. In the new environment of e-governance, therefore, the task of civil service has become quite enormous, unprecedented and, yes, very challenging.
III An E-democracy Model Highlighting the Key Role of E-civil Service
An e-democracy model highlighting the key role of e-civil service can now be proposed. The model proposes that (i) e-civil service is the backbone of government and e-government, (ii) e-civil service is required to serve democracy and e-democracy on the one hand and citizen and e-citizen on the other, (iii) Democracy is characterized by rule by majority, and adult suffrage, (iv) E-democracy is characterized by the Internet and e-engagement, (v) Democracy-performance mismatch has resulted in widespread embracing of e-government, and (vi) e-engagement is an integral part of e-government.
IV Guiding Principles for Development of E-civil ServiceThe e-democracy model proposed above (Section III) highlights the key role of e-civil service in promoting e-democracy. The coming into being of e-civil service is raising a number of important issues, many of which are unprecedented, which require to be addressed. Fountain (2007:6-7) observes “In one sense, digital tools merely enhanced the power of a set of reforms already underway and accepted as legitimate and appropriate by civil servants. Yet the extraordinary power of the internet to allow citizens to access government “anytime, anywhere,” greatly increased accessibility and made abstruse government documents and procedures, now online, more glaringly unresponsive to citizens.” The following ten guiding principles are suggested for the development of e-civil service.
Principle 1. Recognise the Emergence of E-Civil Service
E-civil service is quietly entering the governments worldwide. However, it has so far not been formally recognized. This has twofold consequences. First, the non-recognition deprives e-civil service of any systematic development as a result of which the quality of e-government is adversely affected. Secondly, the non-recognition is leading to piling up of issues which, with passage of time, are only getting more complicated making their subsequent solution elusive, time-consuming and costly. Thirdly, the application of artificial intelligence (AI) to civil service tasks has given rise to, what this author has called, artificial intelligence (AI) civil service, has also not being recognized. New technologies create policy vacuums (Moor 1985). However, the policy vacuum created by the emergence of e-civil service has so far not been filled. It has thus become essential to formally recognize the emergence of e-civil service.
Principle 2. Encourage Civil Service to Work Online
One of the main conclusions of case studies of e-government projects in five countries-Argentina, Mexico, India, United Arab Emirates, and Tunisia- analyzed to see how personnel issues slowed implementation of e-government projects is that “High-level support does not ensure staff buy-in.” (WB 2005). There is so far no incentive for civil servants to work online. As a result, adoption of e-government practices is slow in civil service. The typical incentives are an entry of work done online in annual performance appraisal, grant of an increment in salary for doing good work, and formal recognition by grant of award for exemplary work in e-government. These are, however, mundane incentives which have only limited impact, if any. A mandatory policy may prove to be counter-productive as it may invite hostility from civil servants. Likewise an absence of policy will only maintain status quo. A middle path may be a practical strategy. For example, a mandatory policy may be adopted for routine tasks in the civil service like sanction of casual leave, approval of tour programme and filing of property returns. For rest of the tasks, civil service has to be encouraged to work online by providing appropriate incentives.
Principle 3. Encourage E-civil Service to Use Web 2.0 TechnologiesThe essence of Web 2.0 or Social Web is interactivity. And Web 2.0 is a reality. Many civil servants lurk in discussion groups but do not actively participate in discussion for fear of violating conduct rules and inviting the wrath of their superiors. On their part, the governments too have so far also not issued any guidelines on this issue. In a pioneering attempt, Cabinet Office in United Kingdom has issued the following guidelines: 1. Be credible, 2. Be consistent, 3. Be responsive, 4. Be integrated, and 5. Be a civil servant (CO 2008). Clift (2008) notes: “Every country needs a similar policy guide or alternatively as a whole, their government will become irrelevant to most people. Countries with civil servants disconnected online, have disconnected democracies.” Our civil services are still steeped in 19th century ethos. They must now become civil services of 21st century. One way to achieve this objective is to encourage e-civil service to use Web 2.0 technologies.
Principle 4. Recognise New Demands of Citizens on Civil Service
Civil service is known for not changing its way of working. History proves this statement. Change when introduced is easily absorbed into the system and the civil service quickly reverts to its old ways of working. All this, however, appears to be changing in the age of e-government. The emergence of e-government since mid-1990s has started placing new demands on civil service. Not only is e-government changing the way e-government works (for example, making it more technology-oriented) and the work it does (for example, adding the online work) but also citizen expectation from civil service. Citizens now want value-added, tailor-made public service delivery online and, what is more important from civil service point of view, hold the civil service, and not its political masters, directly responsible for it. So far civil service has worked protected under the cloak of anonymity. This is no longer possible in the age of e-government which espouses the cause of open and transparent government. These new demands of citizens on civil service, therefore, need to be recognized.
Principle 5. Treat E-civil Service as an Instrument of Administrative Reforms
Administrative reform is an uninspiring term. Its poor reputation comes from its poor record of achievements so far. Kraemer and King (2005:2) are of the view that “information technology has never been an instrument of administrative reform; rather it has been used to reinforce existing administrative and political arrangements.” It is difficult to subscribe to this view. If improving internal processes of government is part of administrative reforms, then application of information technology (IT) to government is very much a move for administrative reforms. However, and it is important, application of information technology (IT) to government, by itself, is not e-government. What makes it e-government is the involvement of citizens in decision-making processes of government, a dimension altogether missing in earlier phases of application of information technology (IT) to government. Since e-civil service, an altogether new development, is the backbone of e-government, it has to be treated as an instrument of administrative reforms.
Principle 6. Set Up an Exclusive Portal for E-civil ServiceE-civil service now requires an exclusive portal for itself, catering to the needs of civil servants in the era of e-government. Such a portal will keep the civil servants fully updated about the latest rules and regulations, up to date civil list, sanction of leave, physical fitness exercise programmes and guidance, settlement of traveling allowance (T.A.), medical and miscellaneous claims, career advancement opportunities like mid-service training programmes, availability of online inter-active training programmes and online technical support for computer maintenance and use, annual performance appraisal, job opportunities and career counseling. It should provide RSS feed so that civil servants can keep themselves up to date with any development. Likewise it should have a discussion group or blog and a wiki so that civil servants could participate in them. This will be a closed portal accessible only to serving civil servants and managed by an officer of sufficient seniority. It will thus be a comprehensive one-stop service to civil servants. Some governments have set up such sub-portals but they do not provide comprehensive services.
Principle 7. Introduce E-recruitment to Civil Service
A Government Guide to Best Practice defines e-recruitment, also known as online recruitment, as “the use of Internet and intranet technology to recruit including candidate attraction, employer branding, candidate tracking, candidate selection, and hiring.” (CO 2007:65).The components of e-recruitment are: (i) attracting candidates online to your website or your organization, (ii) communicating your employer brand and recruitment proposition online, (iii) tracking, communicating with and selecting candidates online, (iv) testing candidates online, and (v) on-boarding (otherwise known as welcoming and induction) candidates online (ibid.:7). Many developed countries have set up recruitment gatways. In United Kingdom, for example, the Cabinet Office has set up a Civil Service Recruitment Gateway at http://www.careers.civil-service.gov.uk/Index.asp?txtNavID=322&635132=. Likewise Singapore Government has set up a recruitment portal at https://app.vog.gov.sg/Presentation/index.aspx which it calls VOG (lateral image of GOV). Other countries should follow suit.
Principle 8. Deal with Disciplinary Cases OnlineOne of the sore points with civil servants is the inordinate delay which the disciplinary proceedings against them take in completion. Such disciplinary proceedings call for penalties ranging from mere warning to dismissal or removal from service and are typically launched while the civil servant is in employment. These come in the way in his promotion as and when such an opportunity occurs. The procedure involved in dealing with disciplinary cases against the civil servants is quite complicated and time-consuming. It is a case of e-government that such cases can be expedited if dealt with online. In such a case the cause list can be posted online, so also the documents upon which the department proposes to rely to prove its case. The documents are required to be supplied to the concerned civil servant under rules. The final order too can be posted online. In case the facility of video-conferencing is available, hearings in the case as well as recording of evidence can be done online.
Principle 9. Sort Out Ethical Issues of E-civil Service
A number of ethical issues have started emerging as a result of civil servants surfing the Internet while in office and otherwise also. First is the maintenance of blog. Can a civil servant have a blog of his own covering a subject dealt with by him? Second, can a civil servant actively participate in discussion groups, communities of practice (COPs) and social networking sites and defend or clarify his department’s position? Among these concerns, use of email at workplace has gained attention as it is most widely used tool in e-government. Oregon State Archives and Oregon Association of Municipal Recorders have issued a very comprehensive E-mail Policy Manual for Local Government (OSA n.d.) which has a template also. In India, the Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG) has issued comprehensive guidelines on use of email with due emphasis on e-mail as an official record (DARPG n.d.). But not many civil servants are either aware of these instructions or have only vague idea about them. The emerging ethical concerns need to be sorted out.
Principle 10. Train E-civil Service in Government 2.0
Training is time-tested method for upgrading knowledge and skills of civil servants. It is generally quite a challenging task when the trainees are in-service civil servants but it is more challenging in case of e-government as it involves concurrent training in technology also. Schelin (2004, Table 5:272) suggests a training curriculum based on six modules in which Digital Civic Engagement is the sixth model. Whichever training module is selected, it is necessary that the civil servants are systematically trained in Government 2.0, whose essence is inter-activity which has been possible only by e-government tools, as against out-of-date Government 1.0, which is based on one-way communication from government to citizens. Training in Government 2.0 will include understanding the new role of civil servants, appreciation of emergence of e-citizen and e-citizenship, understanding of e-concepts associated with e-democracy, knowledge of e-engagement and e-participation tools and, finally, involvement of e-citizens in public policy formulation actively supported by e-civil service.
V Concluding Remarks
Weberian bureaucracy characterized by objectivity, administration by rules, and anonymity is a remarkable improvement over earlier form of civil service characterized by subjectivity and administration by whims and fancies. The practice of Weberian bureaucracy, however, revealed a number of weaknesses as a result of which a number of measures of administrative reforms were undertaken in many countries prominent among which is the re-inventing government movement or new public management which requires running of government as a private sector corporation. This too had a very limited success as the two- government and private sector corporation- are based on fundamentally different premises, namely, the former is based on service-orientation and the latter on profit-orientation. E-government is the latest measure in administrative reforms which makes a powerful assault on the weaknesses of existing governments, particularly in their relation with their citizens. However, the realization of full potential of e-government is still eluding us. This can be achieved only if the emergence of e-civil service is formally recognized and it is supported to enable it discharge its new role. Ten guiding principles for e-civil service developed here can help us in this regard.
References
Chun, Andy Hon Wai (2007): Using AI for e-Government Automatic Assessment of
Immigration Application Forms, http://www.cs.cityu.edu.hk/~hwchun/research/PDF/iaai_2007.pdf (accessed : November 25, 2008).
Clift, Steven (2008): UK Government Advises Civil Servants How to Participate Online, DoWire.org, June 21, http://www.dowire.org/notes/?p=417 (accessed: November 25, 2008).
CO (Cabinet Office) (2007): E-recruitment projects in the public sector: A Government Guide to Best Practice, Second Edition,Written By WCN Plc on behalf of HM Government, http://www.careers.civil-service.gov.uk/userfiles/DTI/e-recruitment%20guide%20(URN).doc (accessed: November 29, 2008)
CO (Cabinet Office) (2008): Principles for participation online, London, United Kingdom, the Author http://www.civilservice.gov.uk/iam/codes/social_media/participation.asp (accessed: November 25, 2008).
DARPG (Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances) (n.d.): E-mail Management Guidelines, http://darpg.nic.in/arpg-website/eReference/e-mail-mgmt.doc (accessed: November 29, 2008)
Fountain, Jane E. (2007): Bureaucratic Reform and E-Government in the United States: An Institutional Perspective, Amherst, University of Massachusetts, National Center for Digital Government, Center for Public Policy and Administration, Department of Political Science, NCDG Working Paper No. 07-006, September 18,
http://www.umass.edu/digitalcenter/research/working_papers/07_006FountainBureauReform.pdf (accessed: November 26, 2008).
Kraemer, Kenneth and L. John Leslie King (2005): Information technology and administrative reform:
will e-government be different? August, http://www.si.umich.edu/~jlking/IJEGR-Final.pdf (accessed: November 28, 2008)
Moor, James H. (1985): What is Computer Ethics? in Bynum, Terrell Ward (ed.) (1985), Computers & Ethics, Blackwell, pp.266 – 75, http://www.southernct.edu/organizations/rccs/resources/teaching/teaching_mono/moor/moor_definition.html (accessed: November 24, 2008).
OSA (Oregon State Archives) and Oregon Association of Municipal Recorders (n.d.): E-mail Policy Manual for Local Government, http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/recmgmt/train/erm/email/emailman806.pdf
(accessed: November 29, 2008)
Schelin, Shannon Howle (2004): Training for Digital Government, in Pavlichev, Alexei and G.David Garson (eds.) (2004): Digital Government: Principles and Best Practices, Hershey, PA, Idea Publishing, Chapter XVII, pp 263-275.
WB (World Bank) (2005): Staff incentives and project implementation: lessons from e-government, PREM notes: Public Sector, October, Number 101, http://www1.worldbank.org/prem/PREMNotes/premnote101.pdf (accessed: November 26, 2008).
____________________________________________________________________________________
** I.A.S.(Retd.). Former Chairman, Task Force or IT Policy for Delhi and now Independent E-governance Consultant. Email: dc_misra[at]hotmail.com, Tel: 011-22452431.
by
D.C.Misra*
_____________________________________________________________________________________
I Introduction
Is there anything called e-civil service or electronic civil service? If so, what is it? How does it differ from the traditional civil service? How can it keep pace with technological developments? What role does it have in Government 2.0? Is there any conflict between old conduct rules for the civil servants and the new environment? What role does e-civil service play in the development of e-government? Does it require separate recognition as an entity and support so that it can accelerate the pace of development of e-government worldwide? Questions like these must be asked and replies attempted as they have direct bearing on the future course of development of e-government.
II E-civil Service
There are two primary drivers of e-government: technology vendors and civil service. Technology vendors have succeeded in promoting e-government but to a limited extent. Their limitation is that their promotion of e-government is limited to their own technology. Civil service has also promoted e-government but to a much lesser extent. Its limitations are that it works under a rule-bound environment, is always caught napping in technology developments, and above all, has no motivation to promote e-government. Among the two, however, civil service has greater stakes in e-government as it is required to serve the government in power as well as citizens.
Government implements its decisions through civil service. The civil service also provides policy inputs. Civil service is appropriately described as the backbone of government as government policies and programme can fail in implementation by the civil service or wrong policies can be formulated with its help. What, however, is not recognized is the quiet emergence of e-civil service or electronic civil service in tandem with the emergence of e-government since mid-1990s. If e-government is to succeed, not only the emergence of e-civil service has to be recognized but strengthened as well so as to enable it face the new challenge of e-government competently.
E-civil service or electronic civil service may be defined in two important and markedly different senses:
E-civil service or electronic civil service: As the civil service using information and communication technology (ICT) in conducting its internal work and external public service delivery. It differs from the traditional civil service on a number of important parameters. We will refer to it as e-civil service or electronic civil service.
Ai-civil service or artificial intelligence (AI) civil service: As artificial intelligence (AI) agents performing the civil service jobs, say, determining amount of fine in traffic violations. Chun (2007) describes application of artificial intelligence (AI) in immigration control in Hong Kong special administrative region (SAR) by using assessment rule engine, schema-based reasoning engine, workflow rule engine, case-based reasoning (CBR) engine, and self-learning engine. E-civil service and AI- civil service can be distinguished.
The emergence of e-government has increased the responsibility of civil service by incorporating the requirements of e-civil service and ai-civil service. In the initial stages of development of e-government, the traditional civil service, e-civil service and ai-civil service will all co-exist. E-civil service and ai-civil service are thus add-on to the existing civil service and not its replacement. It is only in the final stage that one can think of e-civil service and ai-civil service replacing the traditional civil service, and that too only in part, notwithstanding the projections of futurologists. However, e-civil service and ai-civil service both will gain increasingly more ground with the passage of time. In the new environment of e-governance, therefore, the task of civil service has become quite enormous, unprecedented and, yes, very challenging.
III An E-democracy Model Highlighting the Key Role of E-civil Service
An e-democracy model highlighting the key role of e-civil service can now be proposed. The model proposes that (i) e-civil service is the backbone of government and e-government, (ii) e-civil service is required to serve democracy and e-democracy on the one hand and citizen and e-citizen on the other, (iii) Democracy is characterized by rule by majority, and adult suffrage, (iv) E-democracy is characterized by the Internet and e-engagement, (v) Democracy-performance mismatch has resulted in widespread embracing of e-government, and (vi) e-engagement is an integral part of e-government.
IV Guiding Principles for Development of E-civil ServiceThe e-democracy model proposed above (Section III) highlights the key role of e-civil service in promoting e-democracy. The coming into being of e-civil service is raising a number of important issues, many of which are unprecedented, which require to be addressed. Fountain (2007:6-7) observes “In one sense, digital tools merely enhanced the power of a set of reforms already underway and accepted as legitimate and appropriate by civil servants. Yet the extraordinary power of the internet to allow citizens to access government “anytime, anywhere,” greatly increased accessibility and made abstruse government documents and procedures, now online, more glaringly unresponsive to citizens.” The following ten guiding principles are suggested for the development of e-civil service.
Principle 1. Recognise the Emergence of E-Civil Service
E-civil service is quietly entering the governments worldwide. However, it has so far not been formally recognized. This has twofold consequences. First, the non-recognition deprives e-civil service of any systematic development as a result of which the quality of e-government is adversely affected. Secondly, the non-recognition is leading to piling up of issues which, with passage of time, are only getting more complicated making their subsequent solution elusive, time-consuming and costly. Thirdly, the application of artificial intelligence (AI) to civil service tasks has given rise to, what this author has called, artificial intelligence (AI) civil service, has also not being recognized. New technologies create policy vacuums (Moor 1985). However, the policy vacuum created by the emergence of e-civil service has so far not been filled. It has thus become essential to formally recognize the emergence of e-civil service.
Principle 2. Encourage Civil Service to Work Online
One of the main conclusions of case studies of e-government projects in five countries-Argentina, Mexico, India, United Arab Emirates, and Tunisia- analyzed to see how personnel issues slowed implementation of e-government projects is that “High-level support does not ensure staff buy-in.” (WB 2005). There is so far no incentive for civil servants to work online. As a result, adoption of e-government practices is slow in civil service. The typical incentives are an entry of work done online in annual performance appraisal, grant of an increment in salary for doing good work, and formal recognition by grant of award for exemplary work in e-government. These are, however, mundane incentives which have only limited impact, if any. A mandatory policy may prove to be counter-productive as it may invite hostility from civil servants. Likewise an absence of policy will only maintain status quo. A middle path may be a practical strategy. For example, a mandatory policy may be adopted for routine tasks in the civil service like sanction of casual leave, approval of tour programme and filing of property returns. For rest of the tasks, civil service has to be encouraged to work online by providing appropriate incentives.
Principle 3. Encourage E-civil Service to Use Web 2.0 TechnologiesThe essence of Web 2.0 or Social Web is interactivity. And Web 2.0 is a reality. Many civil servants lurk in discussion groups but do not actively participate in discussion for fear of violating conduct rules and inviting the wrath of their superiors. On their part, the governments too have so far also not issued any guidelines on this issue. In a pioneering attempt, Cabinet Office in United Kingdom has issued the following guidelines: 1. Be credible, 2. Be consistent, 3. Be responsive, 4. Be integrated, and 5. Be a civil servant (CO 2008). Clift (2008) notes: “Every country needs a similar policy guide or alternatively as a whole, their government will become irrelevant to most people. Countries with civil servants disconnected online, have disconnected democracies.” Our civil services are still steeped in 19th century ethos. They must now become civil services of 21st century. One way to achieve this objective is to encourage e-civil service to use Web 2.0 technologies.
Principle 4. Recognise New Demands of Citizens on Civil Service
Civil service is known for not changing its way of working. History proves this statement. Change when introduced is easily absorbed into the system and the civil service quickly reverts to its old ways of working. All this, however, appears to be changing in the age of e-government. The emergence of e-government since mid-1990s has started placing new demands on civil service. Not only is e-government changing the way e-government works (for example, making it more technology-oriented) and the work it does (for example, adding the online work) but also citizen expectation from civil service. Citizens now want value-added, tailor-made public service delivery online and, what is more important from civil service point of view, hold the civil service, and not its political masters, directly responsible for it. So far civil service has worked protected under the cloak of anonymity. This is no longer possible in the age of e-government which espouses the cause of open and transparent government. These new demands of citizens on civil service, therefore, need to be recognized.
Principle 5. Treat E-civil Service as an Instrument of Administrative Reforms
Administrative reform is an uninspiring term. Its poor reputation comes from its poor record of achievements so far. Kraemer and King (2005:2) are of the view that “information technology has never been an instrument of administrative reform; rather it has been used to reinforce existing administrative and political arrangements.” It is difficult to subscribe to this view. If improving internal processes of government is part of administrative reforms, then application of information technology (IT) to government is very much a move for administrative reforms. However, and it is important, application of information technology (IT) to government, by itself, is not e-government. What makes it e-government is the involvement of citizens in decision-making processes of government, a dimension altogether missing in earlier phases of application of information technology (IT) to government. Since e-civil service, an altogether new development, is the backbone of e-government, it has to be treated as an instrument of administrative reforms.
Principle 6. Set Up an Exclusive Portal for E-civil ServiceE-civil service now requires an exclusive portal for itself, catering to the needs of civil servants in the era of e-government. Such a portal will keep the civil servants fully updated about the latest rules and regulations, up to date civil list, sanction of leave, physical fitness exercise programmes and guidance, settlement of traveling allowance (T.A.), medical and miscellaneous claims, career advancement opportunities like mid-service training programmes, availability of online inter-active training programmes and online technical support for computer maintenance and use, annual performance appraisal, job opportunities and career counseling. It should provide RSS feed so that civil servants can keep themselves up to date with any development. Likewise it should have a discussion group or blog and a wiki so that civil servants could participate in them. This will be a closed portal accessible only to serving civil servants and managed by an officer of sufficient seniority. It will thus be a comprehensive one-stop service to civil servants. Some governments have set up such sub-portals but they do not provide comprehensive services.
Principle 7. Introduce E-recruitment to Civil Service
A Government Guide to Best Practice defines e-recruitment, also known as online recruitment, as “the use of Internet and intranet technology to recruit including candidate attraction, employer branding, candidate tracking, candidate selection, and hiring.” (CO 2007:65).The components of e-recruitment are: (i) attracting candidates online to your website or your organization, (ii) communicating your employer brand and recruitment proposition online, (iii) tracking, communicating with and selecting candidates online, (iv) testing candidates online, and (v) on-boarding (otherwise known as welcoming and induction) candidates online (ibid.:7). Many developed countries have set up recruitment gatways. In United Kingdom, for example, the Cabinet Office has set up a Civil Service Recruitment Gateway at http://www.careers.civil-service.gov.uk/Index.asp?txtNavID=322&635132=. Likewise Singapore Government has set up a recruitment portal at https://app.vog.gov.sg/Presentation/index.aspx which it calls VOG (lateral image of GOV). Other countries should follow suit.
Principle 8. Deal with Disciplinary Cases OnlineOne of the sore points with civil servants is the inordinate delay which the disciplinary proceedings against them take in completion. Such disciplinary proceedings call for penalties ranging from mere warning to dismissal or removal from service and are typically launched while the civil servant is in employment. These come in the way in his promotion as and when such an opportunity occurs. The procedure involved in dealing with disciplinary cases against the civil servants is quite complicated and time-consuming. It is a case of e-government that such cases can be expedited if dealt with online. In such a case the cause list can be posted online, so also the documents upon which the department proposes to rely to prove its case. The documents are required to be supplied to the concerned civil servant under rules. The final order too can be posted online. In case the facility of video-conferencing is available, hearings in the case as well as recording of evidence can be done online.
Principle 9. Sort Out Ethical Issues of E-civil Service
A number of ethical issues have started emerging as a result of civil servants surfing the Internet while in office and otherwise also. First is the maintenance of blog. Can a civil servant have a blog of his own covering a subject dealt with by him? Second, can a civil servant actively participate in discussion groups, communities of practice (COPs) and social networking sites and defend or clarify his department’s position? Among these concerns, use of email at workplace has gained attention as it is most widely used tool in e-government. Oregon State Archives and Oregon Association of Municipal Recorders have issued a very comprehensive E-mail Policy Manual for Local Government (OSA n.d.) which has a template also. In India, the Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG) has issued comprehensive guidelines on use of email with due emphasis on e-mail as an official record (DARPG n.d.). But not many civil servants are either aware of these instructions or have only vague idea about them. The emerging ethical concerns need to be sorted out.
Principle 10. Train E-civil Service in Government 2.0
Training is time-tested method for upgrading knowledge and skills of civil servants. It is generally quite a challenging task when the trainees are in-service civil servants but it is more challenging in case of e-government as it involves concurrent training in technology also. Schelin (2004, Table 5:272) suggests a training curriculum based on six modules in which Digital Civic Engagement is the sixth model. Whichever training module is selected, it is necessary that the civil servants are systematically trained in Government 2.0, whose essence is inter-activity which has been possible only by e-government tools, as against out-of-date Government 1.0, which is based on one-way communication from government to citizens. Training in Government 2.0 will include understanding the new role of civil servants, appreciation of emergence of e-citizen and e-citizenship, understanding of e-concepts associated with e-democracy, knowledge of e-engagement and e-participation tools and, finally, involvement of e-citizens in public policy formulation actively supported by e-civil service.
V Concluding Remarks
Weberian bureaucracy characterized by objectivity, administration by rules, and anonymity is a remarkable improvement over earlier form of civil service characterized by subjectivity and administration by whims and fancies. The practice of Weberian bureaucracy, however, revealed a number of weaknesses as a result of which a number of measures of administrative reforms were undertaken in many countries prominent among which is the re-inventing government movement or new public management which requires running of government as a private sector corporation. This too had a very limited success as the two- government and private sector corporation- are based on fundamentally different premises, namely, the former is based on service-orientation and the latter on profit-orientation. E-government is the latest measure in administrative reforms which makes a powerful assault on the weaknesses of existing governments, particularly in their relation with their citizens. However, the realization of full potential of e-government is still eluding us. This can be achieved only if the emergence of e-civil service is formally recognized and it is supported to enable it discharge its new role. Ten guiding principles for e-civil service developed here can help us in this regard.
References
Chun, Andy Hon Wai (2007): Using AI for e-Government Automatic Assessment of
Immigration Application Forms, http://www.cs.cityu.edu.hk/~hwchun/research/PDF/iaai_2007.pdf (accessed : November 25, 2008).
Clift, Steven (2008): UK Government Advises Civil Servants How to Participate Online, DoWire.org, June 21, http://www.dowire.org/notes/?p=417 (accessed: November 25, 2008).
CO (Cabinet Office) (2007): E-recruitment projects in the public sector: A Government Guide to Best Practice, Second Edition,Written By WCN Plc on behalf of HM Government, http://www.careers.civil-service.gov.uk/userfiles/DTI/e-recruitment%20guide%20(URN).doc (accessed: November 29, 2008)
CO (Cabinet Office) (2008): Principles for participation online, London, United Kingdom, the Author http://www.civilservice.gov.uk/iam/codes/social_media/participation.asp (accessed: November 25, 2008).
DARPG (Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances) (n.d.): E-mail Management Guidelines, http://darpg.nic.in/arpg-website/eReference/e-mail-mgmt.doc (accessed: November 29, 2008)
Fountain, Jane E. (2007): Bureaucratic Reform and E-Government in the United States: An Institutional Perspective, Amherst, University of Massachusetts, National Center for Digital Government, Center for Public Policy and Administration, Department of Political Science, NCDG Working Paper No. 07-006, September 18,
http://www.umass.edu/digitalcenter/research/working_papers/07_006FountainBureauReform.pdf (accessed: November 26, 2008).
Kraemer, Kenneth and L. John Leslie King (2005): Information technology and administrative reform:
will e-government be different? August, http://www.si.umich.edu/~jlking/IJEGR-Final.pdf (accessed: November 28, 2008)
Moor, James H. (1985): What is Computer Ethics? in Bynum, Terrell Ward (ed.) (1985), Computers & Ethics, Blackwell, pp.266 – 75, http://www.southernct.edu/organizations/rccs/resources/teaching/teaching_mono/moor/moor_definition.html (accessed: November 24, 2008).
OSA (Oregon State Archives) and Oregon Association of Municipal Recorders (n.d.): E-mail Policy Manual for Local Government, http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/recmgmt/train/erm/email/emailman806.pdf
(accessed: November 29, 2008)
Schelin, Shannon Howle (2004): Training for Digital Government, in Pavlichev, Alexei and G.David Garson (eds.) (2004): Digital Government: Principles and Best Practices, Hershey, PA, Idea Publishing, Chapter XVII, pp 263-275.
WB (World Bank) (2005): Staff incentives and project implementation: lessons from e-government, PREM notes: Public Sector, October, Number 101, http://www1.worldbank.org/prem/PREMNotes/premnote101.pdf (accessed: November 26, 2008).
____________________________________________________________________________________
** I.A.S.(Retd.). Former Chairman, Task Force or IT Policy for Delhi and now Independent E-governance Consultant. Email: dc_misra[at]hotmail.com, Tel: 011-22452431.
Tuesday, November 11, 2008
Barack Obama’s Agenda for E-governance
Barack Obama’s Agenda for E-governance:
Open Government is Its Main Plank But What About the Roadblocks?
by
Dr D.C.Misra*
_____________________________________________________________________________________
All eyes are on the U.S.President-elect Barack Obama, who will assume the charge of his office on January 20, 2009. He has also set an ambitious agenda for e-governance. Obama has very successfully used information technology (IT) in his presidential campaign. For example, according to reports, on www.barackobama.com, more than 280,000 people created accounts, users created over 6,500 grassroots volunteer groups and organized more than 13,000 off-line events using the website and over 15,000 policy ideas were submitted through the website. The Internet operation was looked after by 95 people. Obama has built a treasure trove of database of more than 10 million supporters. Since change was the main plank of Obama’s election campaign, the transition site has also been named after change, set up at http://change.gov/. More is expected from him in the field of information technology (IT) and e-governance once he enters the White house.
What then is Obama’s agenda for e-governance? In a nutshell it is Open Government. He, however, has many items in his agenda but the following ten items appear to be particularly noteworthy:
(i)Transparent and Connected Democracy: The agenda proposes “to integrate citizens into the actual business of government” by a number of measures including “ Making government data available online in universally accessible formats to allow citizens to make use of that data to comment, derive value, and take action in their own communities, and “Lifting the veil from secret deals in Washington with a web site, a search engine, and other web tools that enable citizens easily to track online federal grants, contracts, earmarks, and lobbyist contacts with government officials.”
(ii)Open Government: All available technologies and methods are proposed to be used to open up the federal government, “creating a new level of transparency to change the way business is conducted in Washington and giving Americans the chance to participate in government deliberations and decisionmaking in ways that were not possible only a few years ago.” Most modern communications infrastructure will be used to realize this vision. The agenda visualizes “opening up the closed practices of governance to greater citizen engagement and participation.”
(iii)Federal Chief Technology Officer (CTO): The agenda proposes to “appoint the nation’s first Chief Technology Officer (CTO) to ensure that our government and all its agencies have the right infrastructure, policies and services for the 21st century. The CTO will ensure the safety of our networks and will lead an interagency effort, working with chief technology and chief information officers of each of the federal agencies, to ensure that they use best-in-class technologies and share best practices.”
(iv)Openness of the Internet: Realising the importance of the Internet as “most open network in history,” the agenda proposes to maintain the openness of the Internet. The agenda “strongly supports the principle of network neutrality to preserve the benefits of open competition on the Internet. Users must be free to access content, to use applications, and to attach personal devices. They have a right to receive accurate and honest information about service plans.” The agenda “supports the basic principle that network providers should not be allowed to charge fees to privilege the content or applications of some web sites and Internet applications over others.”
(v)Protection of Children: An important item on the agenda is protection of children on the Internet. The agenda proposes to “work to give parents the tools to prevent reception of programming that they find offensive on television and on digital media. Again, it will “encourage improvements to the existing voluntary rating system, exploiting new technologies like tagging and filtering, so that parents can better understand what content their children will see, and have the tools to respond.” The agenda treats a “sanity not censorship” approach of the Common Sense Media, a private entity, as a model.
(vi)Public Media 2.0: The agenda “will encourage the creation of Public Media 2.0., the next generation of public media that will create the Sesame Street of the Digital Age and other video and interactive programming that educates and informs. The agenda “will support the transition of existing public broadcasting entities and help renew their founding vision in the digital world.”
(vii)Right to Privacy: The agenda notes that “Dramatic increases in computing power, decreases in storage costs and huge flows of information that characterize the digital age bring enormous benefits, but also create risk of abuse. We need sensible safeguards that protect privacy in this dynamic new world.” The agenda, therefore, proposes to “strengthen privacy protections for the digital age and will harness the power of technology to hold government and business accountable for violations of personal privacy.”
(viii)Next Generation Broadband: The agenda realizes the importance of broadband in so many words: “Full broadband penetration can enrich democratic discourse, enhance competition, provide economic growth, and bring significant consumer benefits. Moreover, improving our infrastructure will foster competitive markets for Internet access and services that ride on that infrastructure.” This is sought to be achieved by (i) redefinition of broadband (currently defined at low 200 kbps), (ii) universal service reform, and (iii) public-private partnership.
(ix)Protection of Intellectual Property Rights at Home and Abroad: The agenda recognizes the importance of intellectual property rights by stating that “Intellectual property is to the digital age what physical goods were to the industrial age” and emphasizes the “need to update and reform our copyright and patent systems to promote civic discourse, innovation and investment while ensuring that intellectual property owners are fairly treated.” The agenda proposes to protect intellectual property rights at home and abroad.
(x)Health Care: The agenda proposes to “invest $10 billion a year over the next five years to move the U.S. health care system to broad adoption of standards-based electronic health information systems, including electronic health records” and “phase in requirements for full implementation of health IT and commit the necessary federal resources to make it happen.” It cites a study by the Rand Corporation that found if most hospitals and doctors offices adopted electronic health records, up to $77 billion of savings would be realized each year through improvements such as reduced hospital stays, avoidance of duplicative and unnecessary testing, more appropriate drug utilization, and other efficiencies.”
Many of these items are routine, mundane and incremental. Nevertheless three items of his agenda are striking and deserve close look.
First, Open Government. This will be a very challenging task. The issues here are the extent to which government will open up consistent with the requirements of security and protection of privacy of citizens, and making government transparent and accountable. Obama, of course, has taken up the gauntlet when he makes a daring commitment in his agenda: (he) “will use the most current technological tools available to make government less beholden to special interest groups and lobbyists.” In a speech in Des Moines, IA on November 10, 2007 Obama had forcefully declared:
“I am in this race to tell the corporate lobbyists that their days of setting the agenda in Washington are over. I have done more than any other candidate in this race to take on lobbyists — and won. They have not funded my campaign…and they will not drown out the voices of the American people when I am president.”
Blueprint for Change: Obama and Biden’s Plan for America declares: “Obama and Biden will close the revolving door between the executive branch and K-Street lobbying shops. Their appointees will serve the American people, not their own financial interests.” It will be quite interesting to watch as to how Obama and his team goes about it as lobbyists are firmly entrenched in Washington, D.C.
Second, Citizen Participation in Government Decision-Making. An integral part of open government, it is also a very challenging area as despite living in democratic regimes citizens have no participation in decision-making, a task performed singularly by the legislators who, once elected, forget about the citizens until the next election. The nearest governments have gone for citizen participation in government decision-making is to seek citizen’s views on government’s specific proposals. But this is usually an eye wash as citizens views may be taken as a mere formality without being taken into account in decision-making, leave alone having an impact in decision-making.
If citizen participation in government decision-making is going to be meaningful, citizen’s views must be able to influence decision-making. What would be the modalities of such citizen participation in government decision-making? Would a citizen in such circumstances become a tier-2 legislator? And what would be its legal implications?
Third, Federal Chief Technology Officer (CTO). This has been talked about for quite some time. It is going to be a very challenging task for the incumbent as co-ordination is no cakewalk. On the contrary, it is quite problematic as CTO/CIO will protect his turf and the method of working. Quite often he is immune to external advice. The agenda proposes to suitably legally empower him. In such a case he will be a Super-CTO or Super CIO and his authority is likely to be resented by agency CTO/CIO.
Here is, however, wishing Obama and his team all the best in implementing his ambitious agenda.
____________________________________________________________________________________
* I.A.S.(Retd.). Former Chairman, task Force or IT Policy for Delhi and now Independent E-governance Consultant. Email: dc_misra@hotmail.com, Tel: 011-22452431,
Blog: http://egov-india.blogspot.com/.
Open Government is Its Main Plank But What About the Roadblocks?
by
Dr D.C.Misra*
_____________________________________________________________________________________
All eyes are on the U.S.President-elect Barack Obama, who will assume the charge of his office on January 20, 2009. He has also set an ambitious agenda for e-governance. Obama has very successfully used information technology (IT) in his presidential campaign. For example, according to reports, on www.barackobama.com, more than 280,000 people created accounts, users created over 6,500 grassroots volunteer groups and organized more than 13,000 off-line events using the website and over 15,000 policy ideas were submitted through the website. The Internet operation was looked after by 95 people. Obama has built a treasure trove of database of more than 10 million supporters. Since change was the main plank of Obama’s election campaign, the transition site has also been named after change, set up at http://change.gov/. More is expected from him in the field of information technology (IT) and e-governance once he enters the White house.
What then is Obama’s agenda for e-governance? In a nutshell it is Open Government. He, however, has many items in his agenda but the following ten items appear to be particularly noteworthy:
(i)Transparent and Connected Democracy: The agenda proposes “to integrate citizens into the actual business of government” by a number of measures including “ Making government data available online in universally accessible formats to allow citizens to make use of that data to comment, derive value, and take action in their own communities, and “Lifting the veil from secret deals in Washington with a web site, a search engine, and other web tools that enable citizens easily to track online federal grants, contracts, earmarks, and lobbyist contacts with government officials.”
(ii)Open Government: All available technologies and methods are proposed to be used to open up the federal government, “creating a new level of transparency to change the way business is conducted in Washington and giving Americans the chance to participate in government deliberations and decisionmaking in ways that were not possible only a few years ago.” Most modern communications infrastructure will be used to realize this vision. The agenda visualizes “opening up the closed practices of governance to greater citizen engagement and participation.”
(iii)Federal Chief Technology Officer (CTO): The agenda proposes to “appoint the nation’s first Chief Technology Officer (CTO) to ensure that our government and all its agencies have the right infrastructure, policies and services for the 21st century. The CTO will ensure the safety of our networks and will lead an interagency effort, working with chief technology and chief information officers of each of the federal agencies, to ensure that they use best-in-class technologies and share best practices.”
(iv)Openness of the Internet: Realising the importance of the Internet as “most open network in history,” the agenda proposes to maintain the openness of the Internet. The agenda “strongly supports the principle of network neutrality to preserve the benefits of open competition on the Internet. Users must be free to access content, to use applications, and to attach personal devices. They have a right to receive accurate and honest information about service plans.” The agenda “supports the basic principle that network providers should not be allowed to charge fees to privilege the content or applications of some web sites and Internet applications over others.”
(v)Protection of Children: An important item on the agenda is protection of children on the Internet. The agenda proposes to “work to give parents the tools to prevent reception of programming that they find offensive on television and on digital media. Again, it will “encourage improvements to the existing voluntary rating system, exploiting new technologies like tagging and filtering, so that parents can better understand what content their children will see, and have the tools to respond.” The agenda treats a “sanity not censorship” approach of the Common Sense Media, a private entity, as a model.
(vi)Public Media 2.0: The agenda “will encourage the creation of Public Media 2.0., the next generation of public media that will create the Sesame Street of the Digital Age and other video and interactive programming that educates and informs. The agenda “will support the transition of existing public broadcasting entities and help renew their founding vision in the digital world.”
(vii)Right to Privacy: The agenda notes that “Dramatic increases in computing power, decreases in storage costs and huge flows of information that characterize the digital age bring enormous benefits, but also create risk of abuse. We need sensible safeguards that protect privacy in this dynamic new world.” The agenda, therefore, proposes to “strengthen privacy protections for the digital age and will harness the power of technology to hold government and business accountable for violations of personal privacy.”
(viii)Next Generation Broadband: The agenda realizes the importance of broadband in so many words: “Full broadband penetration can enrich democratic discourse, enhance competition, provide economic growth, and bring significant consumer benefits. Moreover, improving our infrastructure will foster competitive markets for Internet access and services that ride on that infrastructure.” This is sought to be achieved by (i) redefinition of broadband (currently defined at low 200 kbps), (ii) universal service reform, and (iii) public-private partnership.
(ix)Protection of Intellectual Property Rights at Home and Abroad: The agenda recognizes the importance of intellectual property rights by stating that “Intellectual property is to the digital age what physical goods were to the industrial age” and emphasizes the “need to update and reform our copyright and patent systems to promote civic discourse, innovation and investment while ensuring that intellectual property owners are fairly treated.” The agenda proposes to protect intellectual property rights at home and abroad.
(x)Health Care: The agenda proposes to “invest $10 billion a year over the next five years to move the U.S. health care system to broad adoption of standards-based electronic health information systems, including electronic health records” and “phase in requirements for full implementation of health IT and commit the necessary federal resources to make it happen.” It cites a study by the Rand Corporation that found if most hospitals and doctors offices adopted electronic health records, up to $77 billion of savings would be realized each year through improvements such as reduced hospital stays, avoidance of duplicative and unnecessary testing, more appropriate drug utilization, and other efficiencies.”
Many of these items are routine, mundane and incremental. Nevertheless three items of his agenda are striking and deserve close look.
First, Open Government. This will be a very challenging task. The issues here are the extent to which government will open up consistent with the requirements of security and protection of privacy of citizens, and making government transparent and accountable. Obama, of course, has taken up the gauntlet when he makes a daring commitment in his agenda: (he) “will use the most current technological tools available to make government less beholden to special interest groups and lobbyists.” In a speech in Des Moines, IA on November 10, 2007 Obama had forcefully declared:
“I am in this race to tell the corporate lobbyists that their days of setting the agenda in Washington are over. I have done more than any other candidate in this race to take on lobbyists — and won. They have not funded my campaign…and they will not drown out the voices of the American people when I am president.”
Blueprint for Change: Obama and Biden’s Plan for America declares: “Obama and Biden will close the revolving door between the executive branch and K-Street lobbying shops. Their appointees will serve the American people, not their own financial interests.” It will be quite interesting to watch as to how Obama and his team goes about it as lobbyists are firmly entrenched in Washington, D.C.
Second, Citizen Participation in Government Decision-Making. An integral part of open government, it is also a very challenging area as despite living in democratic regimes citizens have no participation in decision-making, a task performed singularly by the legislators who, once elected, forget about the citizens until the next election. The nearest governments have gone for citizen participation in government decision-making is to seek citizen’s views on government’s specific proposals. But this is usually an eye wash as citizens views may be taken as a mere formality without being taken into account in decision-making, leave alone having an impact in decision-making.
If citizen participation in government decision-making is going to be meaningful, citizen’s views must be able to influence decision-making. What would be the modalities of such citizen participation in government decision-making? Would a citizen in such circumstances become a tier-2 legislator? And what would be its legal implications?
Third, Federal Chief Technology Officer (CTO). This has been talked about for quite some time. It is going to be a very challenging task for the incumbent as co-ordination is no cakewalk. On the contrary, it is quite problematic as CTO/CIO will protect his turf and the method of working. Quite often he is immune to external advice. The agenda proposes to suitably legally empower him. In such a case he will be a Super-CTO or Super CIO and his authority is likely to be resented by agency CTO/CIO.
Here is, however, wishing Obama and his team all the best in implementing his ambitious agenda.
____________________________________________________________________________________
* I.A.S.(Retd.). Former Chairman, task Force or IT Policy for Delhi and now Independent E-governance Consultant. Email: dc_misra@hotmail.com, Tel: 011-22452431,
Blog: http://egov-india.blogspot.com/.
Tuesday, November 04, 2008
Local political online forums cannot support direct democracy, finds a study
Local political online forums cannot support direct or full participatory democracy, finds a new research study.
Dunne (2008)* has found that, "firstly, local political online forums cannot support direct or full participatory democracy and such forums are mainly situated within liberal thin democratic models. Secondly, forums which are placed within local government websites have a greater chance of being inactive. Finally, non-government supported forums can support a type of discussion which increases citizen's participation in local political discussions.Check his Ph.D. thesis at
http://groups.dowire.org/groups/research/files/f/930-2008-10-31T173650Z/PhD.pdf
Dr D.C.Misra
November 4, 2008
____________________________________________________________________________________
*Dunne, Kerill (2008): The value of using local political online forums to reverse political disengagement, Thesis submitted for Ph.D. degree in Sociology, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Arts and Human Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom, June, http://groups.dowire.org/groups/research/files/f/930-2008-10-31T173650Z/PhD.pdf (accessed: November 4, 2008)
Dunne (2008)* has found that, "firstly, local political online forums cannot support direct or full participatory democracy and such forums are mainly situated within liberal thin democratic models. Secondly, forums which are placed within local government websites have a greater chance of being inactive. Finally, non-government supported forums can support a type of discussion which increases citizen's participation in local political discussions.Check his Ph.D. thesis at
http://groups.dowire.org/groups/research/files/f/930-2008-10-31T173650Z/PhD.pdf
Dr D.C.Misra
November 4, 2008
____________________________________________________________________________________
*Dunne, Kerill (2008): The value of using local political online forums to reverse political disengagement, Thesis submitted for Ph.D. degree in Sociology, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Arts and Human Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom, June, http://groups.dowire.org/groups/research/files/f/930-2008-10-31T173650Z/PhD.pdf (accessed: November 4, 2008)
Wednesday, October 29, 2008
Network society is lagging in citizen participation in policy decision-making in local government, finds a new study
In his crossnational analysis of the impact of online citizen participation on local government decision-making, Jensen (2008: 25) has reported that the network society is lagging when it comes to citizen participation in policy decision-making. (n=348 elected local government officials in 316 randomly selected municipalities in the United States). Check his full paper.*
Dr D.C.Misra
October 29, 2008
_____________________________________________________________________________________
*Jensen, M. J. (2008): The Internet and Influence: A Crossnational Analysis of the Impact of Online Citizen Participation on Local Government Decision-Making, Irvine, CA, University of California, Center for Research on Information Technology and Organizations (CRITO), Paper presented at the annual meeting of the APSA 2008 Annual Meeting, Hynes Convention Center, Boston, Massachusetts, http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p280169_index.html (accessed: October 29, 2008).
Dr D.C.Misra
October 29, 2008
_____________________________________________________________________________________
*Jensen, M. J. (2008): The Internet and Influence: A Crossnational Analysis of the Impact of Online Citizen Participation on Local Government Decision-Making, Irvine, CA, University of California, Center for Research on Information Technology and Organizations (CRITO), Paper presented at the annual meeting of the APSA 2008 Annual Meeting, Hynes Convention Center, Boston, Massachusetts, http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p280169_index.html (accessed: October 29, 2008).
Saturday, October 25, 2008
World IT Competiveness Report 2008 Released
The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), on behalf of Business Software Alliance (BSA), a Washington, D.C.-based organization looking after commercial software interests, has started calculating IT industry competitiveness index since 2007. Its report* for 2008 covers 66 countries and the index is based on 25 indicators in six categories: (i) Overall business environment (0.10), (ii) IT infrastructure (0.20), (iii) Human capital (0.20), (iv) Legal environment (0.10), (v) R&D environment (0.25), and (vi) Support for IT industry development (0.15) (EIU 2008) (Figures in parentheses indicate weights). United States (74.6) has been ranked 1st while India (28.9) has been ranked 48th in IT competitiveness.
Dr D.C.Misra
October 25, 2008
_____________________________________________________________________________________
*EIU (Economist Intelligence Unit) (2008): How technology sectors grow: Benchmarking IT industry competitiveness 2008, London, the Author, September, Sponsored by Business Software Alliance (BSA), http://global.bsa.org/2008eiu/study/2008-eiu-study.pdf (accessed: October 25, 2008)
Dr D.C.Misra
October 25, 2008
_____________________________________________________________________________________
*EIU (Economist Intelligence Unit) (2008): How technology sectors grow: Benchmarking IT industry competitiveness 2008, London, the Author, September, Sponsored by Business Software Alliance (BSA), http://global.bsa.org/2008eiu/study/2008-eiu-study.pdf (accessed: October 25, 2008)
Saturday, October 18, 2008
Dr D.C.Misra’s Bibliography on E-government
This is a modest attempt to compile a selected bibliography on e-government with a view to share this resource with fellow e-government researchers. The bibliography is arranged thematically. It is proposed to update it from time to time.
October 18, 2008
New Delhi, India
Dr D.C.Misra
I. GLOBAL REPORTS ON OR RELEVANT TO E-GOVERNMENT
(a) International Organisations
ITU (International Telecommunication Union) (2006): World Telecommunication/ ICT Development Report 2006: Measuring ICT for Social and Economic Development, Geneva, Switzerland, Eighth Edition, Executive Summary, http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-d/opb/ind/D-IND-WTDR-2006-SUM-PDF-E.pdf
ITU (International Telecommunication Union) (2005): The Internet of Things, Geneva, Switzerland, the Author, November, ITU Internet Reports 2005, Executive Summary,
http://topics.developmentgateway.org/egovernment/rc/ItemDetail.do~1066665?intcmp=700 (accessed: July 10, 2006)
UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) (2005): Information Economy Report 2005: E-commerce and Development, New York and Geneva, the Author, http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/sdteecb20051_en.pdf
UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs) (2008): World Public Sector Report 2008: People Matter: Civic Engagement in Public Governance, New York, the Author, June, http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan028608.pdf
UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs) (2005a): World Public Sector Report 2005: Unlocking the Human Potential for Public Sector Performance, New York, the Author, October, http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan021616.pdf
UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs), Division for Public Administration and Development Management (2005b): Global E-Government Readiness Report 2005: From E-Government to E-Inclusion, New York, the Author, http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan021888.pdf
UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs) (2003): World Public Sector Report 2003: E-Government at the Crossroads, New York, the Author, October, unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/ public/documents/UN/UNPAN012733.pdf
UNESCO ORBICOM (2005): From the Digital Divide to Digital Opportunities: Measuring Infostate for Development, Montreal (Quebec), Canada, Orbicom International Secretariat, Université du Québec à Montréal, George Sciadas, Editor, http://www.orbicom.uqam.ca/projects/ddi2005/index_ict_opp.pdf
Orbicom, a specialized network of UNESCO with consultative status with UN-ECOSOC, is an International Network of UNESCO Chairs in Communications. It embodies 26 chairs in communication and over 250 associate members in 73 countries.
World Bank (2006): Information and Communications for Development 2006: Global Trends and Policies, Washington, D.C., the Author,
A new World Bank flagship publication addressing the critical role being played by information and communication technologies (ICT) in economic development. It provides a global overview of ICT trends and policies in developing countries, covering issues such as financing infrastructure, the importance of public-private partnerships and effective competition to extending access, using ICT in doing business and formulating national e-strategies.” The report also has “The ICT At-a-Glance tables for 144 economies,” which “show the most recent national data on key indicators of ICT development. The data enable assessment and comparison both over time and across economies to assess ICT capacity, performance, progress and opportunities.” Check the details at
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONANDTECHNOLOGIES/0,,contentMDK:20831214~pagePK:210058~piPK:210062~theSitePK:282823,00.html (accessed: July 14, 2006)
(b) Universities
Holzer, Marc and Seang-Tae Kim( 2005): Digital Governance in Municipalities Worldwide: A Longitudinal Assessment of Municipal Websites Throughout the World, Newark , NJ, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, The E-Governance Institute, National Center for Public Productivity, and Global e-Policy e-Government Institute, Graduate School of Governance, Sungkyunkwan University, Co-Sponsored by Division for Public Administration and Development Management, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, http://newark.rutgers.edu/~egovinst/Website/100%20City%20Report%202005%20--%20Final.pdf. (accessed: July 15, 2006)
2006 Waseda University E-government Ranking, Tokyo, December 16, 2005, http://www.obi.giti.waseda.ac.jp/e_gov/2nd_rankings_en.pdf (accessed: July 14, 2006)
West, Darrell M. (2005): Global E-Government 2005, Providence, Rhode Island, United States, Brown University, Center for Public Policy, September, available: http://www.insidepolitics.org/egovt05int.pdf (December 11, 2005).
The report is based on an assessment of 1,797 national government websites for the 198 nations worldwide. Among the significant findings of the research are: (1). 19 percent of government websites offer services that are fully executable online, (2). 89 percent of websites this year provide access to publications and 53 percent have links to databases, (3). 18 percent (up from 14 percent in 2004) show privacy policies, while 10 percent have security policies (up from 8 percent in 2004), (4). 19 percent of government websites have some form of disability access, meaning access for persons with disabilities, up from 14 percent in 2004, (5) Countries vary enormously in their overall e-government performance based on the analysis.
BAH (Booz Allen Hamilton) (2005): Beyond e-Government: The world's most successful technology-enabled transformations, Report of a study commissioned by UK Cabinet Office, November, available: http://extfile.bah.com/livelink/livelink/151607/?func=doc.Fetch&nodeid=151607
This study commissioned by the UK Cabinet Office and conducted by Booz Allen Hamilton, a technology management consultancy firm, on world-wide best practice in e-Government, reports that "international best practice is moving beyond "e-Government, towards a much more powerful approach to technology-enabled government, or "t-government". The report identifies the most successful ICT-enabled initiatives across nine governments, from which practical lessons can be derived and has been prepared with the full cooperation of over 85 government departments and agencies. It cites common challenges and best practice case studies drawn from over 450 initiatives assessed world-wide." The study, among other things, found most progress in tax. For example, Italy reported annual cost savings of €90m, Sweden €2.7m, USA US$ 132m(€110m) and Canada CAN$ 12m (€8.5m). Nine countries covered by the study are: Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Sweden, UK and USA.
(c) Private Companies and Organisations
RPPI (Reason Public Policy Institute) (2000): Transitioning to Performance-based Government: A Report to the 43rd President and 107th Congress, Alexandria, VA,
Bipartisan Observations and Recommendations to the New Administration and Congress from 140 Current and Former Federal Government Officials, November, The Transition Dialogue Series, http://www.rppi.org/transition2000.html
Accenture (2004): eGovernment Leadership: High Performance, Maximum Value, May, http://www.accenture.com/Global/Research_and_Insights/By_Industry/Government/HighValue.htm
Accenture (2005): Leadership in Customer Service: New Expectations, New Experiences, April, https://www.accenture.com/NR/rdonlyres/081E84B0-E655-4F9B-95DF-94A3F34B09FA/0/leadership_customerservice
Brainbench (2005): 2005 Global Skills Report, http://www.brainbench.com/globalskills2005/
WEF (World Economic Forum) (2006): Global Information Technology Report (2005-2006),
Summary, http://www.weforum.org/pdf/Global_Competitiveness_Reports/Reports/gitr_2006/summary.pdf (accessed: July 14, 2006)
Rankings,
http://www.weforum.org/pdf/Global_Competitiveness_Reports/Reports/gitr_2006/rankings.pdf (accessed: July 14, 2006)
WEF (World Economic Forum) (2005): Global Information Technology Report (2004-2005),
Executive Summary, http://www.weforum.org/pdf/Global_Competitiveness_Reports/Reports/GITR_2004_2005/Executive_Summary.pdf (accessed: July 14, 2006)
(d) National Reports
DIT (Department of Information Technology), Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Government of India (2003): INDIA: E-Readiness Assessment Report 2003 for States/Union Territories and Central Ministries/Departments, New Delhi, the Author.
II. E-GOVERNMENT CASE STUDIES AND BEST PRACICES
1. UN Compendium of Innovative E-government Practices
UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs) (2006): Compendium of Innovative E-government Practices, Volume II, New York, the Author, August, http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023997.pdf (accessed: October 16, 2008).
(107 Cases from 48 countries)
UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs) (2005): Compendium of Innovative E-government Practices, Volume I, New York, the Author, December, http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UN/UNPAN022196.pdf (accessed: July 14, 2006)
(107 Cases from 48 countries)
This online compendium is “a compilation of case studies of innovative e-government solutions, services and applications with elements of transferability and adaptability.” The selected 107 cases in 48 countries are organized by region, including Africa, Asia and the Pacific, Europe, North America and the Caribbean, and Latin America (See Annex I for details). Each case has the following uniform structure: 1. Country, 2. Institution/Ministry, 3. Solution /Application, 4. Theme: Information Access, 5. Implementation Date and 6. Summary, 7. Impact, 8. Source, 9. More Information on the Project (URL), and 10. Contact. It is an ongoing project and can be accessed through the United Nations Online Network in Public Administration and Finance (UNPAN) portal.
2. World Bank Repository of Case Studies (28 cases from Developing Countries)
Case Studies are arranged into following five categories: 1. Better Service Delivery to Citizens, 2. Improved Services for Businesses, 3. Empowerment through Information,
4. Transparency and Anti-Corruption, and 5. Efficient Government Purchasing. The case studies have the following uniform structure: 1. Abstract, 2. Application Context, 3. A New Approach, 4. Implementation Challenges, 5. Benefits and Costs, and 6. Key Lessons.) (http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONANDTECHNOLOGIES/EXTEGOVERNMENT/0,,contentMDK:20798277~menuPK:1767268~pagePK:210058~piPK:210062~theSitePK:702586,00.html
3. IDABC (Interoperable Delivery of European eGovernment Services to public Administrations, Businesses and Citizens) E-government Case Studies: (Best Practices and Projects from across Europe) and Good Practices Cases (65 cases from 22 European Countries)
(a) E-government Case Studies (Best Practices and Projects from across Europe)
The case studies are grouped into four categories: 1. Open Source Software Case Studies, 2. E-government Good Practice Framework, 3. E-government Beep Knowledge System, and 4. E-government Interoperability Framework. Check the details at :http://ec.europa.eu/idabc/en/chapter/196 (accessed: July 14, 2006).
(b) Good Practices Cases
The Good Practice Framework has the following citeria of selection: 1. Use of ICT, 2. Innovativeness, 3. Managing eGovernment Implementation, 4. Real Practical Results and Impact, 5. Functionality, 6. Visibility, and 7. Valuable Learning Points and Transferability.
The cases have been grouped into following five categories: 1. The Role of eGovernment in European Competitiveness, 2. A Better Life for European Citizens, and 3. European, Central and Local Government E-cooperation.
The cases can be browsed by country, by theme (competitiveness, quality of life, inter-governmental co-operation), by user and service (citizens or businesses), by levels of government (local, regional, national, etc), and by types of integration, cooperation and partnership involved (vertical, horizontal, between government and the private sector, etc). Check the details at:
http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/egovernment_research/gpf/cases/search_theme_country/index_en.htm (July 14, 2006)
4. OECD E-government Case Studies
Check the website for details: http://www.oecd.org/findDocument/0,2350,en_2649_34129_1_119832_1_1_37441,00.html (accessed: July 14, 2006)
5. APDIP (Asia-Pacific Development Information Centre) E-government Case Studies (20 Case Studies from Asia-Pacific Region)
According to the Website: “The project has engaged government and non-government officials, university professors and private sector consultants to develop 20 case studies from 12 different Asia-Pacific countries that document pro-poor e-government initiatives and their impact on the creation and protection of sustainable livelihoods, provision of access to entitlements and social services, provision of relevant information for human development and security and/or addressing the needs of the most vulnerable groups. The 20 case studies from Cambodia, China, Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand were reviewed at a Regional Workshop in Bangkok, Thailand on 24-25 April 2006.” Check it at
http://www.apdip.net/projects/e-government/capblg/casestudies (accessed: July 14, 2006)
6. AGIMO (Australian Government Information Management Office), Department of Finance and Administration, Australian Government (2005): Transforming Government: Volume 2: Enhancing Productivity, Canberra, ACT, the Author,
http://www.agimo.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/41466/Transforming_Government.pdf
(accessed: July 14, 2006)
A new publication with case studies highlighting the benefits of e-government services to citizens, business, the community and government.
7. Victorian State Government’s E-government Resource Centre Case Studies
(5 volumes archived). Check them at
http://www.egov.vic.gov.au/index.php?env=-categories:m1047-1-1-8-s&reset=1(accessed: July 14, 2006)
8. eGov for Dev Info Exchange, Institute for Development Policy and Management (IDPM), University of Manchester, United Kingdom (eGov4Dev Cases)
http://www.egov4dev.org/topic1about.htm (accessed: July 14, 2006)
9. India: Official:
(a) DIT (Department of Information Technology, Government of India), National Database on e-Governence Projects (egovdatabase.gov.in) http://www.egovdatabase.gov.in/home.jsp (accessed: July 14, 2006)
(b) DIT (Department of Information Technology, Government of India), NIC (National Informatics Centre) Treasure Chest (785 Application Software Products developed by NIC, Registration Required)
http://offerings.nic.in/egovsearch.asp (accessed: July 14, 2006)
(c) DARPG (Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances, Government of India) Repository of Best Practices http://darpg.nic.in (accessed: July 14, 2006)
Non-official
Agarwal, Ashok (2007): eGovernance Case Studies, Hyderabad, A.P., Universities Press
Bhatnagar, Subhash (2004): E-Government: From Vision to Implementation: A Practical Guide with Case Studies, New Delhi, Thousand Oaks/ London, Sage Publications
Gupta, D.N. (2008): E-Governance: A Comprehensive Framework, New Delhi, Institute of Social Sciences in association with New Century Publications
Gupta, Piyush and R.K. Bagga (2008): Compendium of E-governance Initiatives in India, Hyderabad, A.P.,Universities Press
Harris, Roger and Rajesh Rajora (2006): Empowering the Poor: Information and Communications Technology for Governance and Poverty Reduction: A Study of Rural Development Projects in India, Bangkok, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Asia-Pacific Development Information System (APDIP), and New Delhi, Elsevier.
10. BAH (Booz Allen Hamilton) (2005): Beyond e-Government: The world's most successful technology-enabled transformations, Report of a study commissioned by UK Cabinet Office, November, available: http://extfile.bah.com/livelink/livelink/151607/?func=doc.Fetch&nodeid=151607
(450 initiatives assessed world-wide in 85 government departments and agencies covering nine developed countries: Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Sweden, UK and USA)
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT
This is a new subject, even in private corporate sector where this subject originated in 1990s. The subject, more specifically, the knowledge management (KM) practice, has yet to be incorporated in public sector despite its enormous potential, particularly in context of our move towards knowledge economies and knowledge societies. For the public sector, the subject is best approached at three levels of understanding, reflecting increasing level of specialization:
I. Primary Level (Introductory and practice-oriented)
Curley, Kathleen Foley and Barbara Kivowitz (2001): The Manager’s Pocket Guide to Knowledge Management, Amherst, MA, HRD Press
II. Secondary Level (Middle level and knowledge-oriented)
Morey, Daryl, Mark Maybury and Bhavani Thuraisingham (eds.) (2000): Knowledge Management: Classic and Contemporary Works, The MIT Press
Despres, Charles and Daniele Chaauvel (eds.) (2000): Knowledge Horizons: The Present and the Promise of Knowledge Management, Boston, MA, Butterworth-Heinemann
Hislop, Donald (2005): Knowledge Management in Organizations: A Critical Introduction, Oxford, Oxford University Press
III. Tertiary Level (Advanced level reflecting deep involvement in knowledge creation, storage, retrieval, use and re-use in organizational setting)
Davenport, Thomas H. (2005): Thinking for a Living: How to Get Better Performance and Results from Knowledge Workers, Cambridge, MA, Harvard Business School Press
HBR (Harvard Business Review) (1998a): Harvard Business Review on Change, Boston, MA, Harvard Business School Press
HBR (Harvard Business Review) (1998b): Harvard Business Review on Knowledge Management, Boston, MA, Harvard Business School Press
Nonaka, I., and H.Takeuchi (1995): The Knowledge-Creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation, New York, Oxford University Press
Von Krogh, Georg, Kazuo Ichijo and Ikujiro Nonaka (2000): Enabling Knowledge Creation: How to Unlock the Mystery of Tacit Knowledge and Release the Power of Innovation, New York, Oxford University Press
KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT
Awad, Elias M. and Hassan M. Ghaziri (2004): Knowledge Management, Pearson Education
Brown, John Seely and Paul Duguid (2000): The Social Life of Information, Boston, MA, Harvard Business School Press
Coulson-Thomas, Colin (2001): Information and Knowledge Management, in Curnow and Reuvid (eds.)(2001) (q.v.), Chapter 4.10, pp 323-33
Curley, Kathleen Foley and Barbara Kivowitz (2001): The Manager’s Pocket Guide to Knowledge Management, Amherst, MA, HRD Press
Curnow, Barry and Jonathan Reuvid (eds.) (2001): The International Guide to Management Consultancy: The Evolution, Practice and Structure of Management Consultancy Worldwide, London, Kogan Page.
Dahlman, Carl and Anuja Utz (2005): India and the Knowledge Economy: Leveraging Strengths and Opportunities, Washington, D.C., The World Bank, Finance and Private Sector Development Unit of the World Bank’s South Asia Region and The World Bank Institute, WDI Development Studies
Dahlman, Carl J., Jorma Routti and Pekka Ylä-Anttila (eds.) (2005): Finland as a Knowledge Economy: Elements of Success and Lessons Learned: Overview, Washington, D.C., The World Bank, available: http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/201645/Finland_ES.pdf (accessed: November 12, 2005)
Davenport, Thomas H. (2005): Thinking for a Living: How to Get Better Performance and Results from Knowledge Workers, Cambridge, MA, Harvard Business School Press
Davenport, Thomas H. and Laurence Prusak (1997): Information Ecology: Mastering the Information and Knowledge Environment, New York, Oxford University Press
Davenport, Thomas H. and Laurence Prusak (2000): Working Knowledge, Cambridge, MA, Harvard Business School Press
Davidson, Carl and Philip Voss (2002): Knowledge Management: An Introduction to Creating Competitive Advantage from Intellectual Capital, Auckland, New Zealand, Tandem Press
DESA (Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat) (2005): Understanding Knowledge Societies: In Twenty Questions and Answers with the Index of Knowledge Societies, New York, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Public Administration and Development Management, ST/ESA/PAD/SER.E/66, available: http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UN/UNPAN020643.pdf
(accessed: October 14, 2005)
Despres, Charles and Daniele Chaauvel (eds.) (2000): Knowledge Horizons: The Present and the Promise of Knowledge Management, Boston, MA, Butterworth-Heinemann
Firestone, Joseph M. and Mark W. McElroy (2003): Key Issues in the New Knowledge Management, Burlingron, MA, Butterworth-Heinemann
Garvin, David A. (1998): Building a Learning Organization, in HBRP (1998b), pp 47-80, originally published in July-August 1993
Grant, Robert M. (2000): Shifts in the World Economy: The Drivers of Knowledge Management, in Despres and Chauvel (eds.) (2000) (q.v.), Chapter 2, pp 27-53
Hislop, Donald (2005): Knowledge Management in Organizations: A Critical Introduction, Oxford, Oxford University Press
Kubr, Milan (1997): How to Select and Use Consultants: A Client’s Guide, Geneva, International Labour Office, Management Development Series No.31
Morey, Daryl, Mark Maybury and Bhavani Thuraisingham (eds.) (2000): Knowledge Management: Classic and Contemporary Works, The MIT Press
Manuel, Paul (2005): A Model of E-Governance Based on Knowledge Management, Journal of Knowledge Management Practice, June, http://www.tlainc.com/articl89.htm
Nonaka, Ikujiro (1998): The Knowledge-Creating Company, in HBR (1998b) (q.v.), pp 21-45, originally published in November-December 1991
Nonaka, I., and H.Takeuchi (1995): The Knowledge-Creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation, New York, Oxford University Press
Prusak, Laurence (ed.) (1997): Knowledge in Organizations, Boston, MA, Butterworth-Heinemann
Strebel, Paul (1998): Why Do Employees Resist Change? in HBR (1998a)(q.v.), pp139-157, originally published in May-June 1996
Von Krogh, Georg, Kazuo Ichijo and Ikujiro Nonaka (2000): Enabling Knowledge Creation: How to Unlock the Mystery of Tacit Knowledge and Release the Power of Innovation, New York, Oxford University Press
Walsh, James P. and Gerardo Rivera Ungson (1997): Organizatonal Memory, in Prusak (ed.) (1997), Chapter 9, pp 177-212
Wenger, Etienne (1997): Communities of Practice: The Structure of Knowledge Stewarding, in Despres and Chauvel (eds.) (2000) (q.v.), Chapter 10, pp 205-224
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN PUBLIC SECTOR
AGIMO (Australian Government Information Management Office) (2004): Better Practice Checklist: Knowledge Management, Canberra, Australia, No. 13, May, http://www.agimo.gov.au/__data/assets/file/33929/BPC13.pdf (accessed: July 2, 2006)
Arora, C.S. (2003): Knowledge Management in E-Governance: The Need for Effective Performance Measures, in Gupta (ed.) (2003a) (q.v.), Chapter 33, pp 247-54.
Cong, Xiaoming and Kaushik V. Pandya (2003): Issues of Knowledge Management in Public Sector, Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management, 1(2)25-33, http://www.ekjm.com/volume-1/issue-2-art3-cong-pandya.pdf (accessed: October 8, 2005)
Cong, Xiaoming and Kaushik V. Pandya (2003): Issues of Knowledge Management in the Public Sector, Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management, 1(2)25-33,
http://www.ejkm.com/volume-1/volume1-issue-2/ issue-2-art-3-cong-pandya.pdf
(accessed: July 2, 2006)
Abstract: The new economy not only poses challenges, but also offers opportunities for both private and public sectors alike.To meet the challenges and take the opportunities, government must take active initiatives to adopt new management tools, techniques and philosophies of the private sector and adapt to its circumstance. Knowledge management (KM) is such an area that needs to be further explored and exploited for its full benefits to be reaped. Key issues, challenges, and opportunities of KM in the public sector need to be addressed and better understood.
Hovland, Ingie (2003): Knowledge Management and Organisational Learning: An International Development Perspective, London, Overseas Development Institute (ODI), August, Working Paper 224, available: http://www.odi.org.uk/RAPID/Publications/Documents/WP224.pdf
Ramalingam, Ben (2005): Implementing Knowledge Strategies: Lessons from International Development Agencies, London, Overseas Development Institute (ODI), April, Working Paper 244, available: http://www.odi.org.uk/RAPID/Publications/Documents/WP244.pdf
PC (Planning Commission) (2001a): India as Knowledge Superpower: Strategy for Transformation: Task Force Report, New Delhi, the Author. June. Available: http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/taskforce/tk_know.pdf
PC (Planning Commission) (2002): Report of the Committee on India Vision 2020, New Delhi, the Author. December. Available: http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/pl_vsn2020.pdf
Traunmüller, Roland and Maria Wimmer (2003): Knowledge Management for Government: Enhancing the Quality of Public Service, Expert Background Paper, in UNDESA (q.v.), pp 128-63
UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs), Division for Public Administration and Development Management (DPADM) (2003): Expanding Public Space for the Development of the Knowledge Society: Report of the Ad Hoc Expert Group Meeting on Knowledge Systems for Development, New York, The Author, Meeting held on September 4-5, 2003, ST/ESA/PAD/SER.E.56, available: http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan014138.pdf
Virkkunen, (2004): Presentation on knowledge management- the next generation: developing competency and knowledge within and between work communities, Conference on Knowledge Management, Mauritius, September 23-24, available: http://ncb.intnet.mu/ncb/downloads/Presentations/km/km6.ppt (accessed: November 4, 2005)
Wagner, Christian, Karen Cheung, Fion Lee and Rachael Ip (2003):Enhancing E-government in Developing Countries: Managing Knowledge through Virtual Communities, The Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries (EJISDC), 14 (4) 1-20, http://www.ejisdc.org/ojs/include/getdoc.php?id=89&article=100&mode=pdf (accessed: July 2, 2006)
CHANGE MANAGEMENT
Archer, Norman P. (2005) ‘An overview of the change management process in eGovernment’, International Journal of Electronic Business, 3 (1) 68–87, http://www.inderscience.com/storage/f121048115972316.pdf (accessed: June 4, 2006)
HBR (Harvard Business Review) (1998): Harvard Business Review on Change, Boston, MA, Harvard Business School Press
Iles, Valerie and Steve Cranfield (2004): Developing Change Management Skills, London, National Co-ordinating Centre for NHS Service Delivery and Organisation (NCCSDO), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, September, http://www.sdo.lshtm.ac.uk/pdf/changemanagement_developingskills.pdf (accessed: June 4, 2006)
Iles, Valerie and Kim Sutherland (2001): Organistional Change: A Review for Health Care Managers, Professionals and Researchers, London, National Co-ordinating Centre
for NHS Service Delivery and Organisation (NCCSDO), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, May, http://www.sdo.lshtm.ac.uk/pdf/changemanagement_review.pdf (accessed: June 4, 2006)
Stojanovic, L., A. Abecker, N. Stojanovic, and R. Studer (2004): An Approach for the Change Management in the E-Government Domain, Second International Conference on Knowledge Economy and Development of Science and Technology (KEST 2004 ), Beijing, China, 2004, http://europa.eu.int/information_society/activities/egovernment_research/doc/research/change_management.pdf (accessed: July 2, 2006)
Abstract: The increasing complexity of E-Government services demands a correspondingly larger effort for management. Today, many system management tasks, such as service re-configuration due to changes in the law, are often performed manually. This can be time consuming and error-prone. Moreover, it requires a growing number of highly skilled personnel, making E-Government systems costly. In this paper, we show how the usage of semantic technologies for describing E-Government services can improve the management of changes. We have extended our previous work in ontology evolution, in order to take into account the specificities of ontologies that are used for description of semantic web services. Even though we use the E-Government domain as an example, the approach is general enough to be applied in other domains.
Strebel, Paul (1998): Why Do Employees Resist Change? In HBR (1998) (q.v.), pp139-57, originally published in May-June 1996.
E-GOVERNMENT
Bollettino, Jeffrey O. (2002): The Customer-Centric Digital Department: e-Service in Government, in Rust and Kannan (ed.) (2002) (q.v.), Chapter 12, pp 262-85.
Dey, Bata K. (2000): E-Governance in India: Problems, Challenges and Opportunities- A futures Vision, The Indian Journal of Public Administration, XLVI (3), July-September.
Gupta, M.P. (ed.) (2003a): Promise of E-Governance: Operational Challenges, New Delhi, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing, available: http://www.iitd.ernet.in/iceg/pub/bookPromise.pdf
Gupta, M.P. (ed.) (2003b): Towards E-Government: Management Challenges, New Delhi, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing, available: http://www.iitd.ernet.in/iceg/pub/bookTowards.pdf
Gupta, M.P., Prabhat Kumar and Jaijit Bhattacharya (2004): Government Online: Opportunities and Challenges, New Delhi, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing
Heeks, Richard (ed.) (1999): Reinventing Government in the Information Age: International Practice in IT-enabled Public Sector Reform, London, Routledge, Reprinted 2002
Heeks, Richard (2005): Implementing and Managing eGovernment: An International Text, London, Sage Publications. October
Holmes, Douglas (2001): eGov: eBusiness Strategies for Government, London, Nicholas Brealey
Jones, Alexandra and Laura Williams (2005): Public Services and ICT: Why ICT? The Role of ICT in Public Services, London, The Work Foundation, March, available: http://www.theworkfoundation.com/pdf/52387_Adobe%20Report.pdf (accessed: November 2, 2005)
LearnLink (2006): A Sourcebook on Access and Applications: Models of Use and Case Studies: An Orientation to E-Government: Chapter 6, Washington, D.C., The Academy for Educational Development, http://learnlink.aed.org/Publications/Sourcebook/chapter6/Foundations_egov_modelofuse.pdf (accessed: June 28, 2006)
Moon, M. Jae, Eric W. Welch, Wilson Wong (2005): What Drives Global E-Governance? An Exploratory Study at a Macro Level, Proceedings of the 38th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'05) - Track 5, http://csdl2.computer.org/comp/proceedings/hicss/2005/2268/05/22680131.pdf (accessed: July 15, 2006)
OECD (2001): The Hidden Threat to E-Government: Avoiding large government IT failures, Paris, the Author, OECD Public Management Policy Brief, PUMA Policy Brief No. 8, March
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) (2003): The e-Government Imperative, Paris, the Author, http://www1.oecd.org/publications/e-book/4203071E.PDF
Pavlichev, Alexei and G. David Garson (eds.) (2004): Digital Government: Principles and Best Practices, Hershey, PA, Idea Group Publishing
Riley, Thomas B. and William Sheridan (2005): E-Governance Comes of Age in the Commonwealth, October 15, http://www.rileyis.com/publications/research_papers/EGOVRiley.pdf
(accessed: October 26, 2005)
Satyanarayana, J. (2004): e-Government: The Science of the Possible, New Delhi, prentice-Hall of India
Steyaert, Joan (2002): Performance Metrics and Successful e-Government Services, in Rust and Kannan (ed.) (2002) (q.v.), Chapter 13, pp 286-314.
E-GOVERNMENT AND E-GOVERNANCE
Thomas B.Riley (2003): E-government vs. E-governance: Examining the Differences in a Changing Public Sector Climate, Prepared under the auspices of the Commonwealth Secretariat and co-sponsored by Government Telecommunications and Informatics Services, Public Works and Government Services Canada, International Tracking Survey Report ’03 No. 4, May 20, http://www.rileyis.com/publications/research_papers/tracking03/IntlTrackRptMay03no4.pdf (accessed: June 28, 2006)
Sheridan, William and Thomas B. Riley (2006): Comparing E-government vs.
E-governance, Ottawa, Canada, Commonwealth Centre for E-Governance, June 21,
http://www.rileyis.com/publications/research_papers/SheridanRileyCompar/SheridanRileyComparEgov.pdf (accessed: June 27, 2006)
E-GOVERNMENT: ADOPTION AND ACCEPTANCE
Titah, Ryad and Henri Barki (2005) : e-Government Adoption and Acceptance: a Literature Review, Montreal, Qubec, Canada, HEC, Cahier de la Chaire de recherche du Canada en implantation et gestion des technologies de l’information, no 05-03 – Octobre 2005, http://neumann.hec.ca/igti/cahiers%20de%20recherche/chaireIGTIcahier0503.pdf (accessed: October 16, 2008)
The authors identify 55 articles related to e-government adoption and acceptance in selected database and journals. They then undertake content analysis of these articles and found that “their foci could be categorized along five principal topics: 1) the influence of managerial practices on e-government adoption; 2) the influence of organizational and individual characteristics on e-government adoption; 3) the influence of governmental subcultures on e-government adoption and use; 4) the influence of IT characteristics on e-government use and acceptance; and 5) the measurement of e-government impacts.”
E-GOVERNMENT: BALANCED E-GOVERNMENT
Bertelsmann Foundation (2001): Balanced E-Government: E-Government – Connecting Efficient Administration and Responsive Democracy, Gütersloh, Germany, the Author, In co-operation with Booz I Allen I Hamilton, http://www.begix.de/en/studie/studie.pdf (accessed: June 24, 2006)
E-GOVERNMENT: BENEFITS
Atkinson, Robert D. and Andrew S. McKay (2007): Digital Prosperity: Understanding the Economic Benefits of the Information Technology Revolution, Washington, D.C., The Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, http://www.itif.org/files/digital_prosperity.pdf (accessed: October 16, 2008)
NOIE (National Office for the Information Economy) (2003): E-government Benefits Study, Canberra, Australia, the Author, April, http://www.agimo.gov.au/__data/assets/file/16032/benefits.pdf (accessed: June 24, 2006)
DARPG (Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances) (2003): Reference Compendium for IT Managers and CIOs on e-Governance, New Delhi, the Author.
E-GOVERNMENT: BIBLIOGRAPHY
NCSU (North Carolina State University, Raleigh), North Carolina (2006): Selected Bibliography on Public Information Technology and E-Government, http://faculty.chass.ncsu.edu/garson/PA542/bibliography.htm (accessed: October 18, 2008).
E-GOVERNMENT: BOOK REVIEWS
Misra, D.C. (2008): E-governance: The Canadian Way, eGov, October, Review of Roy, Jeffrey (2006): E-government in Canada: Transformation for the Digital Age, Ottawa, Ontario, University of Ottawa Press, http://www.bloggernews.net (forthcoming)
Misra, D.C. (2008): Review of Chen, Peter (2007): Electronic Engagement: A Guide for Public Sector Managers, Australian National University E Press, in Information Technology in Developing Countries: A Newsletter of the IFIP Working Group 9.4 and Center for Electronic Governance, Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, Volume 18, No. 1, February, http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/egov/ifip/feb2008/book-review1.htm
Misra, D.C. (2007): E-governance: The Korean Way, eGov, September, Review of Jeong (2006): The Road to Innovation: E-government: Principles and Experiences in Korea, Seoul, Gil-Job E-Media, September 29, http://www.bloggernews.net/110586 dated September 29th, 2007
Misra, D.C. (2007): Is E-government a dangerous enthusiasm? Review of Gauld, Robin and Shaun Goldfinch with Tony Dale (2006): Dangerous Enthusiasms: E-government, Computer Failure and Information System Development, Dunedin, New Zealand, Otago University Press, http://www.digitaldivide.net/articles/view.php?ArticleID=748, http://topics.developmentgateway.org/egovernment/rc/filedownload.do~itemId=1085752
E-GOVERNMENT: CITIZEN RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT (CRM)
CDG (Center for Digital Government) (n.d.): Hello. The First Word in Reinvigorating the
Relationship Between Citizens and their Government, An Introduction to Citizen Service Technologies and 3-1-1, Folsam, CA, the Author, http://www.avaya.com/master-usa/en-us/resource/assets/whitepapers/311%20citizen%20service.pdf (accessed: June 17, 2006).
E-GOVERNMENT: COMPARATIVE
Hernon, Peter, Rowena Cullen, and Harold C.Relya (eds.) (2006): Comparative Perspectives on E-government: Serving Today and Building for Tomorrow, Lanham, Maryland, Scarecrow Press
E-GOVERNMENT: CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS
Misra, D.C. (2008): Select Aspects of Conceptual Foundations of E-government-3: Moving to the Virtual State, Paper contributed to 6th International Conference on E-governance (ICEG 2008), December 15-18, 2008, New Delhi, http://www.iceg.net/2008/ (forthcoming)
Misra, D.C. (2008): Select Aspects of Conceptual Foundations of E-government: Clearing the Fog for a Better Vision, in Agarwal, Ashok and V.Venkata Ramana (2008): Foundations of E-government, New Delhi, Gift Publishing, pp 21-33, Paper contributed to 5th International Conference on E-governance (ICEG 2007), December 28-30, 2007, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India, http://www.iceg.net/2007/, Global Development Network (GDN), http://www.gdnet.org/middle.php?oid=237&zone=docs&action=doc&doc=14140
Misra, D.C. (2007): E-government: From Networked Society to Networked Governments, Management in Government, New Delhi, Department of Administrative Reforms, Government of India, New Delhi, XXXIX (3)17-36, October-December, http://darpg.nic.in/arpg-website/bestpracticesingovt/mig2.PDF
E-GOVERNMENT: COUNTRY STUDIES
Australia
Burgess, Sue and Jan Houghton (2006): E-government in Australia, in Hernon, Peter, Rowena Cullen, and Harold C.Relya (eds.) (2006): Comparative Perspectives on E-government: Serving Today and Building for Tomorrow, Lanham, Maryland, Scarecrow Press, Chapter 5, pp 84-101.
Brunei
Yong, James SL (2003): The Journey to e-Brunei, in Yong, James SL (2003) (ed.): E-government in Asia: Enabling Public Service Innovations in the 21st Century, Singapore, Times Media, Chapter 3, pp 41-63.
Canada
Roy, Jeffrey (2006): E-government in Canada: Transformation for the Digital Age, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, University of Ottawa
Nilsen, Kiristi (2006): E-government in Canada, in Hernon, Peter, Rowena Cullen, and Harold C.Relya (eds.) (2006): Comparative Perspectives on E-government: Serving Today and Building for Tomorrow, Lanham, Maryland, Scarecrow Press, Chapter 4, pp 66-83.
China
Yong, James SL (2003): Enter the Dragon- Informatization in China, in Yong, James SL (2003) (ed.): E-government in Asia: Enabling Public Service Innovations in the 21st Century, Singapore, Times Media, Chapter 4, pp 65-96.
Hong Kong SAR
Yong, James SL and Janice LK Leong (2003): Digital 21 and Hong Kong’s Advancement in e-Government, in Yong, James SL (2003) (ed.): E-government in Asia: Enabling Public Service Innovations in the 21st Century, Singapore, Times Media, Chapter 5, pp 97-116.
India
Yong, James SL and Sameer Sachdeva (2003): India: e-Progress in the States, in Yong, James SL (2003) (ed.): E-government in Asia: Enabling Public Service Innovations in the 21st Century, Singapore, Times Media, Chapter 6, pp 117-146.
Korea
Jeong, Kuk-Hwan (2006): E-government: The Road to Innovation: Principles and Experiences in Korea, Seoul, Korea, Gil-Job-E Media, March.
Yong, James SL and Jeffery BH Tan (2003): e-Korea: High Bandwidth, High Growth, in Yong, James SL (2003) (ed.): E-government in Asia: Enabling Public Service Innovations in the 21st Century, Singapore, Times Media, Chapter 7, pp 147-174.
Malaysia
Yong, James SL (2003): Malaysia: Advancing Public Administration into the Information Age, in Yong, James SL (2003) (ed.): E-government in Asia: Enabling Public Service Innovations in the 21st Century, Singapore, Times Media, Chapter 8, pp 175-203.
New Zealand
Cullen, Rowena (2006): E-government in New Zealand, in Hernon, Peter, Rowena Cullen, and Harold C.Relya (eds.) (2006): Comparative Perspectives on E-government: Serving Today and Building for Tomorrow, Lanham, Maryland, Scarecrow Press, Chapter 6, pp 102-124.
Singapore
Tan, Jeffery BH and James SL Yong (2003): Many Agencies, One Government- Singapore’s Approach to Public Service Delivery, in Yong, James SL (2003) (ed.): E-government in Asia: Enabling Public Service Innovations in the 21st Century, Singapore, Times Media, Chapter 9, pp 204-240.
Taiwan
Yong, James SL (2003): Digital Taiwan- Towards a Green Silicon Island, in Yong, James SL (2003) (ed.): E-government in Asia: Enabling Public Service Innovations in the 21st Century, Singapore, Times Media, Chapter 10, pp 241-267.
Thailand
Yong, James SL and Poranee Phureesitr (2003): Thailand: eGovernment for Public Service Reform, in Yong, James SL (2003) (ed.): E-government in Asia: Enabling Public Service Innovations in the 21st Century, Singapore, Times Media, Chapter 11, pp 268-298.
United Kingdom
Hernon, Peter (2006): E-government in the United Kingdom, in Hernon, Peter, Rowena Cullen, and Harold C.Relya (eds.) (2006): Comparative Perspectives on E-government: Serving Today and Building for Tomorrow, Lanham, Maryland, Scarecrow Press, Chapter 3, pp 55-65.
United States
West, Darrel M. (2005): Digital Government: Technology and Public Sector Performance, Princeton, N.J, Princeton University Press. September
Seifert, Jeffrey W. (2006): E-government in the United States, in Hernon, Peter, Rowena Cullen, and Harold C.Relya (eds.) (2006): Comparative Perspectives on E-government: Serving Today and Building for Tomorrow, Lanham, Maryland, Scarecrow Press, Chapter 2, pp 25-54.
E-GOVERNMENT: CULTURAL BARRIERS
Margetts, Helen and Patrick Dunleavy (2002): Cultural Barriers to E-government, London, National Audit Office, http://www.governmentontheweb.org/downloads/papers/Cultural_Barriers.pdf
E-GOVERNMENT: DEFINITION
Misra, D.C. (2007): Defining E-government: A citizen-centric criteria-based approach, e-Governance Compendium 2007, New Delhi, Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG), Government of India, 10th National Conference on e-Governance, February 2-3, 2007, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, Theme: Avant-garde issues in e-governance, http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UNPAN/UNPAN025373.pdf,
http://topics.developmentgateway.org/egovernment/rc/filedownload.do?itemId=1089317
E-GOVERNMENT: ELECTRONIC CIVICS
Fountain, Jane E. (2003): Electronic Government and Electronic Civics, Cambridge, MA, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, January 2003, RWP03-001, http://ksgnotes1.harvard.edu/Research/wpaper.nsf/rwp/RWP03-001/$File/rwp03_001_fountain_rev1.pdf.
E-GOVERNMENT: ELECTRONIC ENGAGEMENT
Chen, Dr Peter (2007): Electronic Engagement: A Guide for Public Sector Managers, Canberra, ACT, Australia, ANU E Press, the Australia and New Zealand School of Government, the Australian National University
E-GOVERNMENT: ELECTRONIC RECORDS MANAGEMENT
PRO (Public Record Office) (2001): e-Government Policy Framework for Electronic Records Management, Surrey, United Kingdom, the Author, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/electronicrecords/pdf/egov_framework.pdf (accessed: July 2, 2006)
E-GOVERNMENT: GOOD GOVERNMENT
Saarenpää, Ahti (2003): E-government - Good Government: An impossible equation?
LIACTES/IFIP Workshop on E-Government: Legal, Technical and Pedagogical Aspects, Albarracin, Spain, 8-10 May, http://www.unizar.es/derecho/fyd/lefis/documentos/albaralop.pdf (accessed: June 24, 2006)
E-GOVERNMENT: HANDBOOK
CDT (The Center for Democracy and Technology) (2002): The E-government Handbook for Developing Countries, Washington, D.C., The Center for Democracy and Technology, November, A Project of InfoDev and the Center for Democracy and Technology, http://cdt.org/egov/handbook/2002-11-14egovhandbook.pdf
E-GOVERNMENT: HISTORY
India
Misra, D.C. (2007): Sixty Years of Development of E-governance in India (1947-2007): Are there Lessons for Developing Countries? ACM International Conference Proceeding Series; Vol. 232, Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Theory and practice of electronic governance, Macao, China, Session: Development and electronic governance, Pages 337-340, http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1328057.1328127
United States
Relyea, Harold C. and Henry B. Hogue (2004): A Brief History of the Emergence of Digital Government in the United States, in Pavlichev, Alexi and G.David Garson (eds.) (2004): Digital Government: Principles and Best Practices, Hershey, PA, Idea Publishing, Chapter II, pp 16-33.
E-GOVERNMENT: IMPACT
Siau, Keng and Yuan Long (2004): Factors Impacting E-government Development,
http://aisel.isworld.org/pdf.asp?Vpath=ICIS/2004&PDFpath=2004RP18.pdf (accessed: July 2, 2006)
E-GOVERNMENT: IMPLEMENTATION
Gauld, Robin and Shaun Goldfinch with Tony Dale (2006): Dangerous Enthusiasms: E-government, Computer Failure and Information System Development, Dunedin, New Zealand, Otago University Press
E-GOVERNMENT IN INDIA
Prabhu, C.S.R. (2004): E-Governance: Concepts and Case Studies, New Delhi, Prentice-Hall
E-GOVERNMENT: INNOVATION AND INNOVATIVE PRACTICES
DESA (Department of Economic and Social Affairs), United Nations (2005): Compendium- E-government Innovative Practices, New York, the Author. December. ST/ESK/PAD/SER.E/78, available: http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan022196.pdf
Kamarck, Elaine (2004): Government Innovation Around the World, Cambridge, MA, Ash Institute for Democratic Governance and Innovation, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, February, Faculty Research Working Papers Series, RWP04-010 http://www.ashinstitute.harvard.edu/Ash/kamarck_global_innovations.pdf (accessed: July 1, 2006)
E-GOVERNMENT- LEADERSHIP
GOVERNMENT LEADER is “a quarterly magazine focused on the practical lessons of how public workers are getting extraordinary things done in government by leading and managing effectively. GOVERNMENT LEADER doesn’t dwell on policies or politics. Rather, it explores the management challenges federal financial, acquisition, human resource, technology, and program managers all face — and their efforts to overcome them. Published by PostNewsweek Tech Media, a wholly owned subsidiary of The Washington Post Co.” Check it at http://www.governmentleader.com/about/
PCIP (Pacific Council on International Policy), The Working Group on E-Government in the Developing World (2002): Roadmap for E-government in the Developing World: 10 Questions E-government Leaders Should Ask Themselves, Los Angeles, CA, the Author, April, www.pacificcouncil.org/pdfs/e-gov.paper.f.pdf
Strengthening e-Government Leadership and Institutions: Key Models, Roles, and Lessons Learned as part of the e-Gov VC Series under Joint Economic Research Program of the Government of Kazakhstan and the World Bank, January 19, 2006, Kazakhstan, USA, Korea, Estonia, Sri Lanka e-Government Practice http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/EXTPROGRAMS/EXTTRADERESEARCH/0,,contentMDK:20789064~menuPK:381330~pagePK:390737~piPK:390739~theSitePK:544849,00.html
An Emerging Model-of-Use for Developing Countries
http://learnlink.aed.org/Publications/Sourcebook/chapter6/Foundations_egov_modelofuse.pdf
E-GOVERNMENT: LITERATURE REVIEW
Faya, Paul (2003): E-Government: Literature Review, on behalf of the Privy Council Office (PCO), Management Priorities and Senior Personnel Secretariat, Government of Canada, September 12, http://www.sociedadinformacion.unam.mx/pdfs/Final%20E-Government%20Literature%20Review%20(Sept%202001).PDF. (accessed: June 28, 20006)
Dada, Danish (2006): The Failure of E-government in Developing Countries: A Literature Review, The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries (EJISDC), 26, 7, 1-10, http://www.ejisdc.org/ojs2/index.php/ejisdc/article/viewFile/277/176 (accessed: October 15, 2008).
Muir, Adrienne and Charles Oppenheim (2002): National Information Policy Development Worldwide 1: Electronic Government, Journal of Information Science, 28(3)173-86.
E-GOVERNMENT- MANUAL
BSI (Bundesamt für Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik), Federal Office for Information Security (BSI), Germany, E-government Manual, Bonn, Germany, the Author, available http://www.bsi.bund.de/english/themes/egov/6_en.htm (accessed: June
21, 2006).
E-GOVERNMENT: MODEL BASED ON KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT
Manuel,Paul (2005): A Model of E-Governance Based On Knowledge Management, Journal of Knowledge Management Practice, June.
ABSTRACT: EGovernance has not made enough impact on the people as eCommerce and eLearning have done. There are several barriers on the roads of EGovernance. From the software engineering point of view, EGovernance has a lot of characteristics, which are different from eCommerce and eLearning. Unlike eCommerce and eLearning, EGovernance needs to be proactive. While eCommerce and eLearning involve
Information Management, EGovernance involves Knowledge Management (KM). Knowledge management is the management of information, skill, experience, innovation, and intelligence. Our model of Governance based on Knowledge Management System (KMS) is built on KM cycle of Knowledge capturing, Knowledge sharing, Knowledge enhancing, and Knowledge preserving. The development model of EGovernance based on Information Management System (IMS) applies a cycle-based process such as waterfall, spiral or iterative process. EGovernance is a combination of interaction and integration. This paper studies a development model of KMS-based EGovernance that is path-based process. This model provides an environment where the system grows with the people. (Source: http://www.tlainc.com/articl89.htm).
E-GOVERNMENT: MUNICIPALITIES
Melitski, J., Holzer, M., Kim, S.-T., Kim, C.-G., & Rho, SY . (2005): Digital Government Worldwide: An e-Government Assessment of Municipal Web-sites. International Journal of E-Government Research, 1(1) 01-19.
E-GOVERNMENT: PERFORMANCE
Stowers, Genie N. L.(2004): Measuring the Performance of E-Government, Washington, D.C., IBM Center for The Business of Government, March, http://www.businessofgovernment.org/pdfs/8493_Stowers_Report.pdf
E-GOVERNMENT: PRIVACY
GIPI (Global Internet Policy Institute) (2003): Privacy and E-Government: Privacy Impact Assessments and Privacy Commissioners –Two Mechanisms for Protecting Privacy to Promote Citizen Trust Online, Washington, D.C., Center for Democracy and Technology (CDT) and Internews, May 1, http://www.internetpolicy.net/practices/030501pia.pdf
E-GOVERNMENT: REGIONAL STUDIES
Yong, James SL (ed.) (2003): E-Government in Asia: Enabling Public Service Innovation in Asia, Singapore, Times Media
E-GOVERNMENT RESEARCH
Heinze, Nathan and Qing Hu (2005):E-Government Research: A Review via the Lens of Structuration Theory, Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems 2005, http://www.pacis-net.org/file/2005/399.pdf (accessed: July 2, 2006)
E-GOVERNMENT AND SEMANTIC WEB
Altova (2006): What is the Semantic Web? http://www.altova.com/semantic_web.html (accessed: May 21, 2006)
Klischewski, Ralf (2003): Semantic Web for e-Government, Hamburg, Germany, Hamburg University, Informatics Department, http://is.guc.edu.eg/uploads/egov2003_klischewski.pdf.
Sidoroff, Teemu and Eero Hyv¨onen (2005): Semantic E-government Portals– A Case Study,Proceedings of the ISWC-2005 Workshop Semantic Web Case Studies and Best Practices for eBusiness SWCASE05, Nov, 2005, http://www.seco.tkk.fi/publications/2005/sidoroff-hyvonen-semantic-e-government-2005.pdf
E-GOVERNMENT-SCENARIO BUILDING
Aichholzer, Georg (2004): Scenarios of e-Government in 2010 and implications for strategy design, Electronic Journal of E-Government, 2(1)1-10, http://www.ejeg.com/volume-2/volume2-issue-1/v2-i1-art1-aicholzer.pdf (accessed: May
21, 2006)
Abstract: This contribution focuses on e-Government as a comprehensive change programme and develops alternative scenarios with a view towards 2010. Empirical evidence of substantial risks to a successful implementation and operation of e-Government calls for a forward-looking approach and possible ways of correcting a wide-spread neglect of long-term innovation risks. The paper explores the scenario method as an established instrument for improving strategic decisions in a context of change, uncertainty and complex environments. Its application in a Europe-wide research project leads to three macro-scenarios with divergent implications for e-Government prospects. The conclusions suggest particular requirements for developing more robust e-Government strategies and encourage a wider use of scenario processes.
Prisma (Providing Innovative Service Models and Assessment) (2002): Report on pan-European scenario-building, February, Information Societies Technologies (IST) Programme, http://www.prisma-eu.net/deliverables/D8-4.PDF (accessed: June 28, 2006)
E-GOVERNMENT – THE STATE OF ART
Misra, D.C. (2006): E-government: The State of Art Today, Keynote Presentation at Seminar on Using the Internet for Electronic Delivery of Government Services, Internet Fiesta 2006, March 20, http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/internetfiesta/file/misra.ppt#2 (accessed June 24, 2006)
Misra, D.C. (2006): E-government: The State of Art Today-2, A Presentation at the Official Launching of the Government-to-Government System and CIO Workshop, Thursday, May 25, 2006, Ebene Cyber Tower, Rose Hill, Mauritius, http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/ncb/file/E-government.ppt (accessed: June 24, 2006)
Traunmuller, R. (2004): The State of the Art of E-government in Europe: An Outline, Information and Communication Technologies: From Theory to Applications, 2004, Proceedings, 2004 International Conference on, http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1307581&isnumber=29024
Abstract: Government is key to modernizing public administration and to reorient public governance. So administrative work itself is coming under scrutiny. e-Government can transform and improve the entire scope of administrative action and the political processes. So e-Government is both, vision of a future Government and the reality we have to live in today. We present the conclusions of the e-Europe Awards 2003 of the EU (i.e. a big official evaluation of 460 projects with results presented in July 2003 in Como). The e-Government application scenery reviewed encompasses three sectors: 1. Promoting a knowledge based economy, 2. Rendering information and services to citizens and business customers, and 3. Enhancing governmental cooperation
E-GOVERNMENT – SUPERSITE
Death of Surfer…Birth of Supersite
New research published by Directgov, the U.K. Government portal launched in April 2004 and subsequently expanded, points to a new era in the use of the internet that experts are calling the `Supersite' phenomenon, according to a press release.* Despite 75.8 million websites (and 6 billion pages) in existence, people are no longer `surfing' widely over the whole net, with over half of internet-using Britons (51%) visiting just six or less sites on a regular basis.
The research for DirectGov was carried out online by Tickbox.net, a market research organization, between February 17, 2006 and February 21, 2006 (n=1535 UK adults aged 16+). Three quarters of people questioned say the internet is indispensable to their daily lives and more than nine out of ten (95%) say they go online with a specific destination in mind. People are now using the internet more smartly, visiting a handful of destination websites that have emerged as `Supersites' due to their importance to people's lives, says the release
When asked what factors were most important in a website they visited regularly, the majority of respondents said that it needed to be: Trusted (60%), Tried and tested (56%), Familiar (53%) and Reliable (51%). The research suggests that using just one banking,shopping, travel information and holiday website is enough for one person to keep their life well-managed. 75% of respondents said that they would welcome a website that gave them access to public services all in one place. 75% of respondents said that they would welcome a website that gave them access to public services all in one place.
The lesson from this revealing piece of research is: More eGov websites are not required but more services in one eGov website are! Check the press release at *http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/e-
government/docs/direct_gov/final_tickbox_report_press_release.pdf and full research report at
http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/e-
government/docs/direct_gov/final_tickbox_report.pdf
E-GOVERNMENT-TEACHING
Cevenini, Claudia (2003): Intelligent Agents and the Teaching of E-Government, LIACTES/IFIP Workshop on E-Government: Legal, Technical and Pedagogical Aspects, Albarracin, Spain, 8-10 May, http://www.unizar.es/derecho/fyd/lefis/documentos/Cevenini_Albarracin_def.pdf
(accessed: June 24, 2006).
E-GOVERNMENT-TECHNOLOGY
Neild, Ian and Ian Pearson (eds.) (2005): 2005 BT Technology Timeline, August, http://www.btinternet.com/~ian.pearson/web/future/2005timeline.doc (accessed: May 21, 2006).
E-GOVERNMENT-TRAINING
Aggarwal, A.K. (2003): Training in E-Government, in Gupta (ed.) (2003a) (q.v.), Chapter 27, pp 194-8
Gupta, Piyush (2003): Educating Administrators on E-Governance: The First Step for Success, in Gupta (ed.) (2003a) (q.v.), Chapter 29, pp 207-14
G. Matthew Bonham, Jeffrey W. Seifert and Stuart J. Thorson (2003): The Transformational Potential of e-Government: The Role of Political Leadership, http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/maxpages/faculty/gmbonham/ecpr.htm
E-GOVERNMENT-TEXT BOOKS
Garson, G.David (2006): Public Information Technology and E-governance : Managing the Virtual State, Sadbury, MA, Jones and Bartlett.
Heeks, Richard (2006): Implementing and Managing eGovernment: An International Text, London, Sage Publications
E-GOVERNMENT: WEBSITE EVALUATION
Vaclav Petricek, Tobias Escher, Ingemar J. Cox, Helen Margetts (2006): The Web Structure of E-Government - Developing a Methodology for Quantitative Evaluation,
http://www.governmentontheweb.org/downloads/papers/WWW2006-Web_Structure_of_E_Government.pdf (accessed: June 27, 2006)
E-GOVERNMENT: WIKI TECHNOLOGY
Wagner, Christian, Karen S.K. Cheung and Rachael K.F. Ip and Stefan Böttcher (2006): Building Semantic Webs for e-government with Wiki technology, Electronic Government, 3(1)36-55, http://colab.cim3.net/file/work/SICoP/2006-02-09/EGov%20Wiki.pdf (accessed: May 21, 2006)
GENDER EQUALITY
CS (Commonwealth Secretariat): The Commonwealth Plan of Action for Gender Equality 2005-2015, London, the Author, http;//www/thecomonwealth.org/gender
GOVERNANCE
ECA (Economic Commission for Africa (2005?): Striving for Good Governance in Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, the Author. Synopsis of the 2005 African Governance Report Prepared for the African Development Forum IV, www.uneca.org/agr/agren.pdf
Hyden, Goran, Julius Court and Kenneth Mease (2004): Making Sense of Governance: Empirical Studies from Sixteen Developing Countries, Boulder, CO, Lynne Rienner Publishers
Scott, Graham (2001): Public Management in New Zealand: Lessons and Challenges, Canberra, Australian National University, Centre for Law and Economics
Scott, Graham (2003): Learning Government, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/25/28/249818.pdf (accessed: October 9, 2005)
Kettl, Donald F. (2000): The Global Public Management Revolution, Washington, D.C., Brookings Institution Press
GOVERNANCE- INDICATORS
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme), Bureau for Development Policy, Democratic Governance Group and European Commission (EC) (2004): Governance Indicators: A User’s Guide, Oslo, Norway, UNDP Oslo Governance Centre, http://www.undp.org/oslocentre/docs04/UserGuide.pdf (accessed: July 2, 2006)
GOVERNMENT- ICT SPENDING
WITSA (World Alliance for Information Technology) (2006): Digital Planet 2006: The Global Information Economy, Executive Summary, Arlington, VA, http://www.witsa.org/digitalplanet/2006/DP2006_ExecSummary.pdf (accessed: July 5, 2006)
It “provides detailed statistics on global ICT spending covering 75 countries, 11 vertical market segments, and forecast data extending through 2009.”
E-PAYMENT
Paunov, Caroline and Graham Vickery (2006): Online Payment Systems for E-Commerce, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry, Committee for Information, Computer and Communications Policy, Working Party on the Information Economy, April 18, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/37/19/36736056.pdf (accessed: June 17, 2006)
This is a report which was presented to the Working Party on the Information Economy as part of its work on factors affecting the development of e-business and digital delivery in June 2005. It “analyses the recent development of online payment systems for e-commerce, covering different payment mechanisms, the extent to which these different systems are used and the implications of industry characteristics and network effects. It discusses drivers and impediments to the uptake of payment systems and identifies some policy issues for further examination.” Further “A set of emerging issues and barriers to the uptake of online payment systems is briefly listed, covering standards and co-ordination challenges, network and competition issues, and improving statistical information.”
E-SERVICE
Rust, Ronald T. and P.K. Kannan (2002): e-Service: New Directions in Theory and Practice, Armonk, NY, M.E.Sharpe
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (FDI)
Gholami, Raghieh, Sang-Yong Tom Lee and Almas Helmati (2005): The Causal Relationship between ICT and FDI, Helsinki, Finland, United Nations University - World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER), Research Paper No. 2005/26, June, available: http://www.wider.unu.edu/publications/rps/rps2005/rp2005-26.pdf (accessed: November 5, 2005)
Is there any causal relationship between investment in information and communication technology (ICT) and foreign direct investment (FDI) for economic growth? In this timely study, based on an empirical analysis of ICT data in a sample of 23 developed and developing countries, namely, Austria, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Denmark, Finland, France, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Norway, Singapore, Sweden, Turkey, the UK and US for 1976–99, Gholami et al.,* inter alia, observe that the world is rapidly moving toward an information-based economy and economies equipped with the essential ICT infrastructure have been moving towards an information-based economy (p-3).
Gholami et al. report that in developed countries, existing ICT infrastructure attracts FDI; a higher level of ICT investment leads to a higher level of FDI inflows. This suggests that ICT contributes to productivity and economic growth indirectly by attracting more FDI. But in developing countries the direction of causality goes instead from FDI to ICT. In developed countries an ICT capacity exists which causes inflow of FDI, while in developing countries ICT capacity must be built up in order to attract FDI. The inflow of FDI causes further increases in ICT investment and production capacity building (p-10). A policy prescription which appears to flow from this study is that developing countries must step up investment in ICT in case they want greater flow of FDI.
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) AND JOB SATISFACTION
Danziger, James and Debora Dunkle (2005): Information Technology and Worker Satisfaction, Irvine, CA, Center for Research on Information Technology and Organizations (CRITO), School of Social Sciences, University of California, available:
http://crito.uci.edu/papers/2005/ITWorkerSatisfaction.pdf (accessed: December 4, 2005)
The overall job satisfaction is negatively related to the number of hours per day that the worker uses the computer, reports this recent U.S. research study. According to the study: “This might indicate that when human-computer engagement becomes too dominant in one’s work, relative to more direct interaction with other people, there is a decline in overall satisfaction with one’s work.” The study reports: “First, similar to other research, this sample of workers is more likely to have high job satisfaction where continuous learning is encouraged, the job provides a higher level of autonomy, job stress (as measured by time pressure) is not a problem, and the worker perceives he/she has influence with supervisors and with work group members."
The study also reports: “Secondly, job satisfaction is associated with certain elements of the informational and organizational context. Satisfaction is greater in: (1) an information-rich environment – that is, in an organization in which information is available, accessible and up-to-date; and (2) in an information systems-rich environment -- that is, one in which the computer systems are reliable and software is stable.”
This research is part of the People, Organizations, and Information Technology project of the Center for Research on Information Technology and Organizations (CRITO) at the University of California, Irvine, which analyses “how information technology (IT), especially the Internet, transforms people's lives in such areas as the home, work, civic life, and school.” The study is based on a survey of 1200 individuals in 12 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) in the United States.
INFORMATION ECONOMY
UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) (2005): Information Economy Report 2005, New York and Geneva, the Author, UNCTAD/SDTE/ECB/2005/1, available: http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/sdteedc20051_en.pdf (accessed: December 4, 2005)
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY: RETURN ON INVESTMET
Cresswell, Anthony M.(2004): Return on Investment In Information Technology: A Guide for Managers, Albany, NY, University at Albany, SUNY, Center for Technology in Government, August, http://www.ctg.albany.edu/publications/guides/roi (accessed: June 28, 2006)
MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT AND CONSULTING
Coulson-Thomas, Colin (2001): Information and knowledge management, in Curnow and Barry (eds.) (2001) (q.v.), Chapter 4.10, pp 323-33
Curnow, Barry and Jonathan Reuvid (eds.) (2001): The International Guide to Management Consultancy: The Evolution, Practice and Structure of Management Consultancy Worldwide, London, Kogan Page
Prokopenko, Joseph (ed.) (1998): Management development: A guide for the profession, Geneva, International Labour Office (ILO)
Kubr, M. (1997): How to select and use consultants: A client’s guide, Geneva, International Labour Office (ILO), Second impression, First published 1993. Management Development Series No.31
Kubr, M. (ed.) (2002): Management consulting: A guide to the profession, Geneva, International Labour Office (ILO), Fourth edition
REINVENTING GOVERNMENT
Osborne, David and Ted Gaebler (1993): Reinventing Government: The Five Strategies for Reinventing Government, New York, Plume
Osborne, David and Peter Plastrik (1998): Banishing Bureaucracy: The Five Strategies for Reinventing Government, New York, Plume
Osborne, David and Peter Plastrik (2000): The Reinventor’s Fieldbook: Tools for Transforming Government, San Francisco, Jossey-Bass
RETURN ON INVESTMENT IN INFORNMATION TECHNOLOGY
Cresswell, Anthony M. (2004): Return on Investment in Information Technology: A Guide for Managers, Albany, N.Y., Center for Technology in Government, University at Albany, SUNY, August, available: http://www.ctg.albany.edu/publications/guides/roi/roi.pdf (accessed: December 10, 2005)
TRAINING
Blanchard, P. Nick and James W.Thacker (2004): Effective Training: Systems, Strategies, and Practices, Upper Saddle River, N.J., Prentice-Hall, Second Edition.
© Dr D.C.Misra 2008
October 18, 2008
New Delhi, India
Dr D.C.Misra
I. GLOBAL REPORTS ON OR RELEVANT TO E-GOVERNMENT
(a) International Organisations
ITU (International Telecommunication Union) (2006): World Telecommunication/ ICT Development Report 2006: Measuring ICT for Social and Economic Development, Geneva, Switzerland, Eighth Edition, Executive Summary, http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-d/opb/ind/D-IND-WTDR-2006-SUM-PDF-E.pdf
ITU (International Telecommunication Union) (2005): The Internet of Things, Geneva, Switzerland, the Author, November, ITU Internet Reports 2005, Executive Summary,
http://topics.developmentgateway.org/egovernment/rc/ItemDetail.do~1066665?intcmp=700 (accessed: July 10, 2006)
UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) (2005): Information Economy Report 2005: E-commerce and Development, New York and Geneva, the Author, http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/sdteecb20051_en.pdf
UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs) (2008): World Public Sector Report 2008: People Matter: Civic Engagement in Public Governance, New York, the Author, June, http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan028608.pdf
UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs) (2005a): World Public Sector Report 2005: Unlocking the Human Potential for Public Sector Performance, New York, the Author, October, http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan021616.pdf
UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs), Division for Public Administration and Development Management (2005b): Global E-Government Readiness Report 2005: From E-Government to E-Inclusion, New York, the Author, http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan021888.pdf
UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs) (2003): World Public Sector Report 2003: E-Government at the Crossroads, New York, the Author, October, unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/ public/documents/UN/UNPAN012733.pdf
UNESCO ORBICOM (2005): From the Digital Divide to Digital Opportunities: Measuring Infostate for Development, Montreal (Quebec), Canada, Orbicom International Secretariat, Université du Québec à Montréal, George Sciadas, Editor, http://www.orbicom.uqam.ca/projects/ddi2005/index_ict_opp.pdf
Orbicom, a specialized network of UNESCO with consultative status with UN-ECOSOC, is an International Network of UNESCO Chairs in Communications. It embodies 26 chairs in communication and over 250 associate members in 73 countries.
World Bank (2006): Information and Communications for Development 2006: Global Trends and Policies, Washington, D.C., the Author,
A new World Bank flagship publication addressing the critical role being played by information and communication technologies (ICT) in economic development. It provides a global overview of ICT trends and policies in developing countries, covering issues such as financing infrastructure, the importance of public-private partnerships and effective competition to extending access, using ICT in doing business and formulating national e-strategies.” The report also has “The ICT At-a-Glance tables for 144 economies,” which “show the most recent national data on key indicators of ICT development. The data enable assessment and comparison both over time and across economies to assess ICT capacity, performance, progress and opportunities.” Check the details at
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONANDTECHNOLOGIES/0,,contentMDK:20831214~pagePK:210058~piPK:210062~theSitePK:282823,00.html (accessed: July 14, 2006)
(b) Universities
Holzer, Marc and Seang-Tae Kim( 2005): Digital Governance in Municipalities Worldwide: A Longitudinal Assessment of Municipal Websites Throughout the World, Newark , NJ, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, The E-Governance Institute, National Center for Public Productivity, and Global e-Policy e-Government Institute, Graduate School of Governance, Sungkyunkwan University, Co-Sponsored by Division for Public Administration and Development Management, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, http://newark.rutgers.edu/~egovinst/Website/100%20City%20Report%202005%20--%20Final.pdf. (accessed: July 15, 2006)
2006 Waseda University E-government Ranking, Tokyo, December 16, 2005, http://www.obi.giti.waseda.ac.jp/e_gov/2nd_rankings_en.pdf (accessed: July 14, 2006)
West, Darrell M. (2005): Global E-Government 2005, Providence, Rhode Island, United States, Brown University, Center for Public Policy, September, available: http://www.insidepolitics.org/egovt05int.pdf (December 11, 2005).
The report is based on an assessment of 1,797 national government websites for the 198 nations worldwide. Among the significant findings of the research are: (1). 19 percent of government websites offer services that are fully executable online, (2). 89 percent of websites this year provide access to publications and 53 percent have links to databases, (3). 18 percent (up from 14 percent in 2004) show privacy policies, while 10 percent have security policies (up from 8 percent in 2004), (4). 19 percent of government websites have some form of disability access, meaning access for persons with disabilities, up from 14 percent in 2004, (5) Countries vary enormously in their overall e-government performance based on the analysis.
BAH (Booz Allen Hamilton) (2005): Beyond e-Government: The world's most successful technology-enabled transformations, Report of a study commissioned by UK Cabinet Office, November, available: http://extfile.bah.com/livelink/livelink/151607/?func=doc.Fetch&nodeid=151607
This study commissioned by the UK Cabinet Office and conducted by Booz Allen Hamilton, a technology management consultancy firm, on world-wide best practice in e-Government, reports that "international best practice is moving beyond "e-Government, towards a much more powerful approach to technology-enabled government, or "t-government". The report identifies the most successful ICT-enabled initiatives across nine governments, from which practical lessons can be derived and has been prepared with the full cooperation of over 85 government departments and agencies. It cites common challenges and best practice case studies drawn from over 450 initiatives assessed world-wide." The study, among other things, found most progress in tax. For example, Italy reported annual cost savings of €90m, Sweden €2.7m, USA US$ 132m(€110m) and Canada CAN$ 12m (€8.5m). Nine countries covered by the study are: Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Sweden, UK and USA.
(c) Private Companies and Organisations
RPPI (Reason Public Policy Institute) (2000): Transitioning to Performance-based Government: A Report to the 43rd President and 107th Congress, Alexandria, VA,
Bipartisan Observations and Recommendations to the New Administration and Congress from 140 Current and Former Federal Government Officials, November, The Transition Dialogue Series, http://www.rppi.org/transition2000.html
Accenture (2004): eGovernment Leadership: High Performance, Maximum Value, May, http://www.accenture.com/Global/Research_and_Insights/By_Industry/Government/HighValue.htm
Accenture (2005): Leadership in Customer Service: New Expectations, New Experiences, April, https://www.accenture.com/NR/rdonlyres/081E84B0-E655-4F9B-95DF-94A3F34B09FA/0/leadership_customerservice
Brainbench (2005): 2005 Global Skills Report, http://www.brainbench.com/globalskills2005/
WEF (World Economic Forum) (2006): Global Information Technology Report (2005-2006),
Summary, http://www.weforum.org/pdf/Global_Competitiveness_Reports/Reports/gitr_2006/summary.pdf (accessed: July 14, 2006)
Rankings,
http://www.weforum.org/pdf/Global_Competitiveness_Reports/Reports/gitr_2006/rankings.pdf (accessed: July 14, 2006)
WEF (World Economic Forum) (2005): Global Information Technology Report (2004-2005),
Executive Summary, http://www.weforum.org/pdf/Global_Competitiveness_Reports/Reports/GITR_2004_2005/Executive_Summary.pdf (accessed: July 14, 2006)
(d) National Reports
DIT (Department of Information Technology), Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Government of India (2003): INDIA: E-Readiness Assessment Report 2003 for States/Union Territories and Central Ministries/Departments, New Delhi, the Author.
II. E-GOVERNMENT CASE STUDIES AND BEST PRACICES
1. UN Compendium of Innovative E-government Practices
UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs) (2006): Compendium of Innovative E-government Practices, Volume II, New York, the Author, August, http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023997.pdf (accessed: October 16, 2008).
(107 Cases from 48 countries)
UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs) (2005): Compendium of Innovative E-government Practices, Volume I, New York, the Author, December, http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UN/UNPAN022196.pdf (accessed: July 14, 2006)
(107 Cases from 48 countries)
This online compendium is “a compilation of case studies of innovative e-government solutions, services and applications with elements of transferability and adaptability.” The selected 107 cases in 48 countries are organized by region, including Africa, Asia and the Pacific, Europe, North America and the Caribbean, and Latin America (See Annex I for details). Each case has the following uniform structure: 1. Country, 2. Institution/Ministry, 3. Solution /Application, 4. Theme: Information Access, 5. Implementation Date and 6. Summary, 7. Impact, 8. Source, 9. More Information on the Project (URL), and 10. Contact. It is an ongoing project and can be accessed through the United Nations Online Network in Public Administration and Finance (UNPAN) portal.
2. World Bank Repository of Case Studies (28 cases from Developing Countries)
Case Studies are arranged into following five categories: 1. Better Service Delivery to Citizens, 2. Improved Services for Businesses, 3. Empowerment through Information,
4. Transparency and Anti-Corruption, and 5. Efficient Government Purchasing. The case studies have the following uniform structure: 1. Abstract, 2. Application Context, 3. A New Approach, 4. Implementation Challenges, 5. Benefits and Costs, and 6. Key Lessons.) (http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONANDTECHNOLOGIES/EXTEGOVERNMENT/0,,contentMDK:20798277~menuPK:1767268~pagePK:210058~piPK:210062~theSitePK:702586,00.html
3. IDABC (Interoperable Delivery of European eGovernment Services to public Administrations, Businesses and Citizens) E-government Case Studies: (Best Practices and Projects from across Europe) and Good Practices Cases (65 cases from 22 European Countries)
(a) E-government Case Studies (Best Practices and Projects from across Europe)
The case studies are grouped into four categories: 1. Open Source Software Case Studies, 2. E-government Good Practice Framework, 3. E-government Beep Knowledge System, and 4. E-government Interoperability Framework. Check the details at :http://ec.europa.eu/idabc/en/chapter/196 (accessed: July 14, 2006).
(b) Good Practices Cases
The Good Practice Framework has the following citeria of selection: 1. Use of ICT, 2. Innovativeness, 3. Managing eGovernment Implementation, 4. Real Practical Results and Impact, 5. Functionality, 6. Visibility, and 7. Valuable Learning Points and Transferability.
The cases have been grouped into following five categories: 1. The Role of eGovernment in European Competitiveness, 2. A Better Life for European Citizens, and 3. European, Central and Local Government E-cooperation.
The cases can be browsed by country, by theme (competitiveness, quality of life, inter-governmental co-operation), by user and service (citizens or businesses), by levels of government (local, regional, national, etc), and by types of integration, cooperation and partnership involved (vertical, horizontal, between government and the private sector, etc). Check the details at:
http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/egovernment_research/gpf/cases/search_theme_country/index_en.htm (July 14, 2006)
4. OECD E-government Case Studies
Check the website for details: http://www.oecd.org/findDocument/0,2350,en_2649_34129_1_119832_1_1_37441,00.html (accessed: July 14, 2006)
5. APDIP (Asia-Pacific Development Information Centre) E-government Case Studies (20 Case Studies from Asia-Pacific Region)
According to the Website: “The project has engaged government and non-government officials, university professors and private sector consultants to develop 20 case studies from 12 different Asia-Pacific countries that document pro-poor e-government initiatives and their impact on the creation and protection of sustainable livelihoods, provision of access to entitlements and social services, provision of relevant information for human development and security and/or addressing the needs of the most vulnerable groups. The 20 case studies from Cambodia, China, Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand were reviewed at a Regional Workshop in Bangkok, Thailand on 24-25 April 2006.” Check it at
http://www.apdip.net/projects/e-government/capblg/casestudies (accessed: July 14, 2006)
6. AGIMO (Australian Government Information Management Office), Department of Finance and Administration, Australian Government (2005): Transforming Government: Volume 2: Enhancing Productivity, Canberra, ACT, the Author,
http://www.agimo.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/41466/Transforming_Government.pdf
(accessed: July 14, 2006)
A new publication with case studies highlighting the benefits of e-government services to citizens, business, the community and government.
7. Victorian State Government’s E-government Resource Centre Case Studies
(5 volumes archived). Check them at
http://www.egov.vic.gov.au/index.php?env=-categories:m1047-1-1-8-s&reset=1(accessed: July 14, 2006)
8. eGov for Dev Info Exchange, Institute for Development Policy and Management (IDPM), University of Manchester, United Kingdom (eGov4Dev Cases)
http://www.egov4dev.org/topic1about.htm (accessed: July 14, 2006)
9. India: Official:
(a) DIT (Department of Information Technology, Government of India), National Database on e-Governence Projects (egovdatabase.gov.in) http://www.egovdatabase.gov.in/home.jsp (accessed: July 14, 2006)
(b) DIT (Department of Information Technology, Government of India), NIC (National Informatics Centre) Treasure Chest (785 Application Software Products developed by NIC, Registration Required)
http://offerings.nic.in/egovsearch.asp (accessed: July 14, 2006)
(c) DARPG (Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances, Government of India) Repository of Best Practices http://darpg.nic.in (accessed: July 14, 2006)
Non-official
Agarwal, Ashok (2007): eGovernance Case Studies, Hyderabad, A.P., Universities Press
Bhatnagar, Subhash (2004): E-Government: From Vision to Implementation: A Practical Guide with Case Studies, New Delhi, Thousand Oaks/ London, Sage Publications
Gupta, D.N. (2008): E-Governance: A Comprehensive Framework, New Delhi, Institute of Social Sciences in association with New Century Publications
Gupta, Piyush and R.K. Bagga (2008): Compendium of E-governance Initiatives in India, Hyderabad, A.P.,Universities Press
Harris, Roger and Rajesh Rajora (2006): Empowering the Poor: Information and Communications Technology for Governance and Poverty Reduction: A Study of Rural Development Projects in India, Bangkok, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Asia-Pacific Development Information System (APDIP), and New Delhi, Elsevier.
10. BAH (Booz Allen Hamilton) (2005): Beyond e-Government: The world's most successful technology-enabled transformations, Report of a study commissioned by UK Cabinet Office, November, available: http://extfile.bah.com/livelink/livelink/151607/?func=doc.Fetch&nodeid=151607
(450 initiatives assessed world-wide in 85 government departments and agencies covering nine developed countries: Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Sweden, UK and USA)
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT
This is a new subject, even in private corporate sector where this subject originated in 1990s. The subject, more specifically, the knowledge management (KM) practice, has yet to be incorporated in public sector despite its enormous potential, particularly in context of our move towards knowledge economies and knowledge societies. For the public sector, the subject is best approached at three levels of understanding, reflecting increasing level of specialization:
I. Primary Level (Introductory and practice-oriented)
Curley, Kathleen Foley and Barbara Kivowitz (2001): The Manager’s Pocket Guide to Knowledge Management, Amherst, MA, HRD Press
II. Secondary Level (Middle level and knowledge-oriented)
Morey, Daryl, Mark Maybury and Bhavani Thuraisingham (eds.) (2000): Knowledge Management: Classic and Contemporary Works, The MIT Press
Despres, Charles and Daniele Chaauvel (eds.) (2000): Knowledge Horizons: The Present and the Promise of Knowledge Management, Boston, MA, Butterworth-Heinemann
Hislop, Donald (2005): Knowledge Management in Organizations: A Critical Introduction, Oxford, Oxford University Press
III. Tertiary Level (Advanced level reflecting deep involvement in knowledge creation, storage, retrieval, use and re-use in organizational setting)
Davenport, Thomas H. (2005): Thinking for a Living: How to Get Better Performance and Results from Knowledge Workers, Cambridge, MA, Harvard Business School Press
HBR (Harvard Business Review) (1998a): Harvard Business Review on Change, Boston, MA, Harvard Business School Press
HBR (Harvard Business Review) (1998b): Harvard Business Review on Knowledge Management, Boston, MA, Harvard Business School Press
Nonaka, I., and H.Takeuchi (1995): The Knowledge-Creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation, New York, Oxford University Press
Von Krogh, Georg, Kazuo Ichijo and Ikujiro Nonaka (2000): Enabling Knowledge Creation: How to Unlock the Mystery of Tacit Knowledge and Release the Power of Innovation, New York, Oxford University Press
KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT
Awad, Elias M. and Hassan M. Ghaziri (2004): Knowledge Management, Pearson Education
Brown, John Seely and Paul Duguid (2000): The Social Life of Information, Boston, MA, Harvard Business School Press
Coulson-Thomas, Colin (2001): Information and Knowledge Management, in Curnow and Reuvid (eds.)(2001) (q.v.), Chapter 4.10, pp 323-33
Curley, Kathleen Foley and Barbara Kivowitz (2001): The Manager’s Pocket Guide to Knowledge Management, Amherst, MA, HRD Press
Curnow, Barry and Jonathan Reuvid (eds.) (2001): The International Guide to Management Consultancy: The Evolution, Practice and Structure of Management Consultancy Worldwide, London, Kogan Page.
Dahlman, Carl and Anuja Utz (2005): India and the Knowledge Economy: Leveraging Strengths and Opportunities, Washington, D.C., The World Bank, Finance and Private Sector Development Unit of the World Bank’s South Asia Region and The World Bank Institute, WDI Development Studies
Dahlman, Carl J., Jorma Routti and Pekka Ylä-Anttila (eds.) (2005): Finland as a Knowledge Economy: Elements of Success and Lessons Learned: Overview, Washington, D.C., The World Bank, available: http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/201645/Finland_ES.pdf (accessed: November 12, 2005)
Davenport, Thomas H. (2005): Thinking for a Living: How to Get Better Performance and Results from Knowledge Workers, Cambridge, MA, Harvard Business School Press
Davenport, Thomas H. and Laurence Prusak (1997): Information Ecology: Mastering the Information and Knowledge Environment, New York, Oxford University Press
Davenport, Thomas H. and Laurence Prusak (2000): Working Knowledge, Cambridge, MA, Harvard Business School Press
Davidson, Carl and Philip Voss (2002): Knowledge Management: An Introduction to Creating Competitive Advantage from Intellectual Capital, Auckland, New Zealand, Tandem Press
DESA (Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat) (2005): Understanding Knowledge Societies: In Twenty Questions and Answers with the Index of Knowledge Societies, New York, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Public Administration and Development Management, ST/ESA/PAD/SER.E/66, available: http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UN/UNPAN020643.pdf
(accessed: October 14, 2005)
Despres, Charles and Daniele Chaauvel (eds.) (2000): Knowledge Horizons: The Present and the Promise of Knowledge Management, Boston, MA, Butterworth-Heinemann
Firestone, Joseph M. and Mark W. McElroy (2003): Key Issues in the New Knowledge Management, Burlingron, MA, Butterworth-Heinemann
Garvin, David A. (1998): Building a Learning Organization, in HBRP (1998b), pp 47-80, originally published in July-August 1993
Grant, Robert M. (2000): Shifts in the World Economy: The Drivers of Knowledge Management, in Despres and Chauvel (eds.) (2000) (q.v.), Chapter 2, pp 27-53
Hislop, Donald (2005): Knowledge Management in Organizations: A Critical Introduction, Oxford, Oxford University Press
Kubr, Milan (1997): How to Select and Use Consultants: A Client’s Guide, Geneva, International Labour Office, Management Development Series No.31
Morey, Daryl, Mark Maybury and Bhavani Thuraisingham (eds.) (2000): Knowledge Management: Classic and Contemporary Works, The MIT Press
Manuel, Paul (2005): A Model of E-Governance Based on Knowledge Management, Journal of Knowledge Management Practice, June, http://www.tlainc.com/articl89.htm
Nonaka, Ikujiro (1998): The Knowledge-Creating Company, in HBR (1998b) (q.v.), pp 21-45, originally published in November-December 1991
Nonaka, I., and H.Takeuchi (1995): The Knowledge-Creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation, New York, Oxford University Press
Prusak, Laurence (ed.) (1997): Knowledge in Organizations, Boston, MA, Butterworth-Heinemann
Strebel, Paul (1998): Why Do Employees Resist Change? in HBR (1998a)(q.v.), pp139-157, originally published in May-June 1996
Von Krogh, Georg, Kazuo Ichijo and Ikujiro Nonaka (2000): Enabling Knowledge Creation: How to Unlock the Mystery of Tacit Knowledge and Release the Power of Innovation, New York, Oxford University Press
Walsh, James P. and Gerardo Rivera Ungson (1997): Organizatonal Memory, in Prusak (ed.) (1997), Chapter 9, pp 177-212
Wenger, Etienne (1997): Communities of Practice: The Structure of Knowledge Stewarding, in Despres and Chauvel (eds.) (2000) (q.v.), Chapter 10, pp 205-224
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN PUBLIC SECTOR
AGIMO (Australian Government Information Management Office) (2004): Better Practice Checklist: Knowledge Management, Canberra, Australia, No. 13, May, http://www.agimo.gov.au/__data/assets/file/33929/BPC13.pdf (accessed: July 2, 2006)
Arora, C.S. (2003): Knowledge Management in E-Governance: The Need for Effective Performance Measures, in Gupta (ed.) (2003a) (q.v.), Chapter 33, pp 247-54.
Cong, Xiaoming and Kaushik V. Pandya (2003): Issues of Knowledge Management in Public Sector, Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management, 1(2)25-33, http://www.ekjm.com/volume-1/issue-2-art3-cong-pandya.pdf (accessed: October 8, 2005)
Cong, Xiaoming and Kaushik V. Pandya (2003): Issues of Knowledge Management in the Public Sector, Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management, 1(2)25-33,
http://www.ejkm.com/volume-1/volume1-issue-2/ issue-2-art-3-cong-pandya.pdf
(accessed: July 2, 2006)
Abstract: The new economy not only poses challenges, but also offers opportunities for both private and public sectors alike.To meet the challenges and take the opportunities, government must take active initiatives to adopt new management tools, techniques and philosophies of the private sector and adapt to its circumstance. Knowledge management (KM) is such an area that needs to be further explored and exploited for its full benefits to be reaped. Key issues, challenges, and opportunities of KM in the public sector need to be addressed and better understood.
Hovland, Ingie (2003): Knowledge Management and Organisational Learning: An International Development Perspective, London, Overseas Development Institute (ODI), August, Working Paper 224, available: http://www.odi.org.uk/RAPID/Publications/Documents/WP224.pdf
Ramalingam, Ben (2005): Implementing Knowledge Strategies: Lessons from International Development Agencies, London, Overseas Development Institute (ODI), April, Working Paper 244, available: http://www.odi.org.uk/RAPID/Publications/Documents/WP244.pdf
PC (Planning Commission) (2001a): India as Knowledge Superpower: Strategy for Transformation: Task Force Report, New Delhi, the Author. June. Available: http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/taskforce/tk_know.pdf
PC (Planning Commission) (2002): Report of the Committee on India Vision 2020, New Delhi, the Author. December. Available: http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/pl_vsn2020.pdf
Traunmüller, Roland and Maria Wimmer (2003): Knowledge Management for Government: Enhancing the Quality of Public Service, Expert Background Paper, in UNDESA (q.v.), pp 128-63
UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs), Division for Public Administration and Development Management (DPADM) (2003): Expanding Public Space for the Development of the Knowledge Society: Report of the Ad Hoc Expert Group Meeting on Knowledge Systems for Development, New York, The Author, Meeting held on September 4-5, 2003, ST/ESA/PAD/SER.E.56, available: http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan014138.pdf
Virkkunen, (2004): Presentation on knowledge management- the next generation: developing competency and knowledge within and between work communities, Conference on Knowledge Management, Mauritius, September 23-24, available: http://ncb.intnet.mu/ncb/downloads/Presentations/km/km6.ppt (accessed: November 4, 2005)
Wagner, Christian, Karen Cheung, Fion Lee and Rachael Ip (2003):Enhancing E-government in Developing Countries: Managing Knowledge through Virtual Communities, The Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries (EJISDC), 14 (4) 1-20, http://www.ejisdc.org/ojs/include/getdoc.php?id=89&article=100&mode=pdf (accessed: July 2, 2006)
CHANGE MANAGEMENT
Archer, Norman P. (2005) ‘An overview of the change management process in eGovernment’, International Journal of Electronic Business, 3 (1) 68–87, http://www.inderscience.com/storage/f121048115972316.pdf (accessed: June 4, 2006)
HBR (Harvard Business Review) (1998): Harvard Business Review on Change, Boston, MA, Harvard Business School Press
Iles, Valerie and Steve Cranfield (2004): Developing Change Management Skills, London, National Co-ordinating Centre for NHS Service Delivery and Organisation (NCCSDO), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, September, http://www.sdo.lshtm.ac.uk/pdf/changemanagement_developingskills.pdf (accessed: June 4, 2006)
Iles, Valerie and Kim Sutherland (2001): Organistional Change: A Review for Health Care Managers, Professionals and Researchers, London, National Co-ordinating Centre
for NHS Service Delivery and Organisation (NCCSDO), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, May, http://www.sdo.lshtm.ac.uk/pdf/changemanagement_review.pdf (accessed: June 4, 2006)
Stojanovic, L., A. Abecker, N. Stojanovic, and R. Studer (2004): An Approach for the Change Management in the E-Government Domain, Second International Conference on Knowledge Economy and Development of Science and Technology (KEST 2004 ), Beijing, China, 2004, http://europa.eu.int/information_society/activities/egovernment_research/doc/research/change_management.pdf (accessed: July 2, 2006)
Abstract: The increasing complexity of E-Government services demands a correspondingly larger effort for management. Today, many system management tasks, such as service re-configuration due to changes in the law, are often performed manually. This can be time consuming and error-prone. Moreover, it requires a growing number of highly skilled personnel, making E-Government systems costly. In this paper, we show how the usage of semantic technologies for describing E-Government services can improve the management of changes. We have extended our previous work in ontology evolution, in order to take into account the specificities of ontologies that are used for description of semantic web services. Even though we use the E-Government domain as an example, the approach is general enough to be applied in other domains.
Strebel, Paul (1998): Why Do Employees Resist Change? In HBR (1998) (q.v.), pp139-57, originally published in May-June 1996.
E-GOVERNMENT
Bollettino, Jeffrey O. (2002): The Customer-Centric Digital Department: e-Service in Government, in Rust and Kannan (ed.) (2002) (q.v.), Chapter 12, pp 262-85.
Dey, Bata K. (2000): E-Governance in India: Problems, Challenges and Opportunities- A futures Vision, The Indian Journal of Public Administration, XLVI (3), July-September.
Gupta, M.P. (ed.) (2003a): Promise of E-Governance: Operational Challenges, New Delhi, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing, available: http://www.iitd.ernet.in/iceg/pub/bookPromise.pdf
Gupta, M.P. (ed.) (2003b): Towards E-Government: Management Challenges, New Delhi, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing, available: http://www.iitd.ernet.in/iceg/pub/bookTowards.pdf
Gupta, M.P., Prabhat Kumar and Jaijit Bhattacharya (2004): Government Online: Opportunities and Challenges, New Delhi, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing
Heeks, Richard (ed.) (1999): Reinventing Government in the Information Age: International Practice in IT-enabled Public Sector Reform, London, Routledge, Reprinted 2002
Heeks, Richard (2005): Implementing and Managing eGovernment: An International Text, London, Sage Publications. October
Holmes, Douglas (2001): eGov: eBusiness Strategies for Government, London, Nicholas Brealey
Jones, Alexandra and Laura Williams (2005): Public Services and ICT: Why ICT? The Role of ICT in Public Services, London, The Work Foundation, March, available: http://www.theworkfoundation.com/pdf/52387_Adobe%20Report.pdf (accessed: November 2, 2005)
LearnLink (2006): A Sourcebook on Access and Applications: Models of Use and Case Studies: An Orientation to E-Government: Chapter 6, Washington, D.C., The Academy for Educational Development, http://learnlink.aed.org/Publications/Sourcebook/chapter6/Foundations_egov_modelofuse.pdf (accessed: June 28, 2006)
Moon, M. Jae, Eric W. Welch, Wilson Wong (2005): What Drives Global E-Governance? An Exploratory Study at a Macro Level, Proceedings of the 38th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'05) - Track 5, http://csdl2.computer.org/comp/proceedings/hicss/2005/2268/05/22680131.pdf (accessed: July 15, 2006)
OECD (2001): The Hidden Threat to E-Government: Avoiding large government IT failures, Paris, the Author, OECD Public Management Policy Brief, PUMA Policy Brief No. 8, March
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) (2003): The e-Government Imperative, Paris, the Author, http://www1.oecd.org/publications/e-book/4203071E.PDF
Pavlichev, Alexei and G. David Garson (eds.) (2004): Digital Government: Principles and Best Practices, Hershey, PA, Idea Group Publishing
Riley, Thomas B. and William Sheridan (2005): E-Governance Comes of Age in the Commonwealth, October 15, http://www.rileyis.com/publications/research_papers/EGOVRiley.pdf
(accessed: October 26, 2005)
Satyanarayana, J. (2004): e-Government: The Science of the Possible, New Delhi, prentice-Hall of India
Steyaert, Joan (2002): Performance Metrics and Successful e-Government Services, in Rust and Kannan (ed.) (2002) (q.v.), Chapter 13, pp 286-314.
E-GOVERNMENT AND E-GOVERNANCE
Thomas B.Riley (2003): E-government vs. E-governance: Examining the Differences in a Changing Public Sector Climate, Prepared under the auspices of the Commonwealth Secretariat and co-sponsored by Government Telecommunications and Informatics Services, Public Works and Government Services Canada, International Tracking Survey Report ’03 No. 4, May 20, http://www.rileyis.com/publications/research_papers/tracking03/IntlTrackRptMay03no4.pdf (accessed: June 28, 2006)
Sheridan, William and Thomas B. Riley (2006): Comparing E-government vs.
E-governance, Ottawa, Canada, Commonwealth Centre for E-Governance, June 21,
http://www.rileyis.com/publications/research_papers/SheridanRileyCompar/SheridanRileyComparEgov.pdf (accessed: June 27, 2006)
E-GOVERNMENT: ADOPTION AND ACCEPTANCE
Titah, Ryad and Henri Barki (2005) : e-Government Adoption and Acceptance: a Literature Review, Montreal, Qubec, Canada, HEC, Cahier de la Chaire de recherche du Canada en implantation et gestion des technologies de l’information, no 05-03 – Octobre 2005, http://neumann.hec.ca/igti/cahiers%20de%20recherche/chaireIGTIcahier0503.pdf (accessed: October 16, 2008)
The authors identify 55 articles related to e-government adoption and acceptance in selected database and journals. They then undertake content analysis of these articles and found that “their foci could be categorized along five principal topics: 1) the influence of managerial practices on e-government adoption; 2) the influence of organizational and individual characteristics on e-government adoption; 3) the influence of governmental subcultures on e-government adoption and use; 4) the influence of IT characteristics on e-government use and acceptance; and 5) the measurement of e-government impacts.”
E-GOVERNMENT: BALANCED E-GOVERNMENT
Bertelsmann Foundation (2001): Balanced E-Government: E-Government – Connecting Efficient Administration and Responsive Democracy, Gütersloh, Germany, the Author, In co-operation with Booz I Allen I Hamilton, http://www.begix.de/en/studie/studie.pdf (accessed: June 24, 2006)
E-GOVERNMENT: BENEFITS
Atkinson, Robert D. and Andrew S. McKay (2007): Digital Prosperity: Understanding the Economic Benefits of the Information Technology Revolution, Washington, D.C., The Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, http://www.itif.org/files/digital_prosperity.pdf (accessed: October 16, 2008)
NOIE (National Office for the Information Economy) (2003): E-government Benefits Study, Canberra, Australia, the Author, April, http://www.agimo.gov.au/__data/assets/file/16032/benefits.pdf (accessed: June 24, 2006)
DARPG (Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances) (2003): Reference Compendium for IT Managers and CIOs on e-Governance, New Delhi, the Author.
E-GOVERNMENT: BIBLIOGRAPHY
NCSU (North Carolina State University, Raleigh), North Carolina (2006): Selected Bibliography on Public Information Technology and E-Government, http://faculty.chass.ncsu.edu/garson/PA542/bibliography.htm (accessed: October 18, 2008).
E-GOVERNMENT: BOOK REVIEWS
Misra, D.C. (2008): E-governance: The Canadian Way, eGov, October, Review of Roy, Jeffrey (2006): E-government in Canada: Transformation for the Digital Age, Ottawa, Ontario, University of Ottawa Press, http://www.bloggernews.net (forthcoming)
Misra, D.C. (2008): Review of Chen, Peter (2007): Electronic Engagement: A Guide for Public Sector Managers, Australian National University E Press, in Information Technology in Developing Countries: A Newsletter of the IFIP Working Group 9.4 and Center for Electronic Governance, Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, Volume 18, No. 1, February, http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/egov/ifip/feb2008/book-review1.htm
Misra, D.C. (2007): E-governance: The Korean Way, eGov, September, Review of Jeong (2006): The Road to Innovation: E-government: Principles and Experiences in Korea, Seoul, Gil-Job E-Media, September 29, http://www.bloggernews.net/110586 dated September 29th, 2007
Misra, D.C. (2007): Is E-government a dangerous enthusiasm? Review of Gauld, Robin and Shaun Goldfinch with Tony Dale (2006): Dangerous Enthusiasms: E-government, Computer Failure and Information System Development, Dunedin, New Zealand, Otago University Press, http://www.digitaldivide.net/articles/view.php?ArticleID=748, http://topics.developmentgateway.org/egovernment/rc/filedownload.do~itemId=1085752
E-GOVERNMENT: CITIZEN RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT (CRM)
CDG (Center for Digital Government) (n.d.): Hello. The First Word in Reinvigorating the
Relationship Between Citizens and their Government, An Introduction to Citizen Service Technologies and 3-1-1, Folsam, CA, the Author, http://www.avaya.com/master-usa/en-us/resource/assets/whitepapers/311%20citizen%20service.pdf (accessed: June 17, 2006).
E-GOVERNMENT: COMPARATIVE
Hernon, Peter, Rowena Cullen, and Harold C.Relya (eds.) (2006): Comparative Perspectives on E-government: Serving Today and Building for Tomorrow, Lanham, Maryland, Scarecrow Press
E-GOVERNMENT: CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS
Misra, D.C. (2008): Select Aspects of Conceptual Foundations of E-government-3: Moving to the Virtual State, Paper contributed to 6th International Conference on E-governance (ICEG 2008), December 15-18, 2008, New Delhi, http://www.iceg.net/2008/ (forthcoming)
Misra, D.C. (2008): Select Aspects of Conceptual Foundations of E-government: Clearing the Fog for a Better Vision, in Agarwal, Ashok and V.Venkata Ramana (2008): Foundations of E-government, New Delhi, Gift Publishing, pp 21-33, Paper contributed to 5th International Conference on E-governance (ICEG 2007), December 28-30, 2007, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India, http://www.iceg.net/2007/, Global Development Network (GDN), http://www.gdnet.org/middle.php?oid=237&zone=docs&action=doc&doc=14140
Misra, D.C. (2007): E-government: From Networked Society to Networked Governments, Management in Government, New Delhi, Department of Administrative Reforms, Government of India, New Delhi, XXXIX (3)17-36, October-December, http://darpg.nic.in/arpg-website/bestpracticesingovt/mig2.PDF
E-GOVERNMENT: COUNTRY STUDIES
Australia
Burgess, Sue and Jan Houghton (2006): E-government in Australia, in Hernon, Peter, Rowena Cullen, and Harold C.Relya (eds.) (2006): Comparative Perspectives on E-government: Serving Today and Building for Tomorrow, Lanham, Maryland, Scarecrow Press, Chapter 5, pp 84-101.
Brunei
Yong, James SL (2003): The Journey to e-Brunei, in Yong, James SL (2003) (ed.): E-government in Asia: Enabling Public Service Innovations in the 21st Century, Singapore, Times Media, Chapter 3, pp 41-63.
Canada
Roy, Jeffrey (2006): E-government in Canada: Transformation for the Digital Age, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, University of Ottawa
Nilsen, Kiristi (2006): E-government in Canada, in Hernon, Peter, Rowena Cullen, and Harold C.Relya (eds.) (2006): Comparative Perspectives on E-government: Serving Today and Building for Tomorrow, Lanham, Maryland, Scarecrow Press, Chapter 4, pp 66-83.
China
Yong, James SL (2003): Enter the Dragon- Informatization in China, in Yong, James SL (2003) (ed.): E-government in Asia: Enabling Public Service Innovations in the 21st Century, Singapore, Times Media, Chapter 4, pp 65-96.
Hong Kong SAR
Yong, James SL and Janice LK Leong (2003): Digital 21 and Hong Kong’s Advancement in e-Government, in Yong, James SL (2003) (ed.): E-government in Asia: Enabling Public Service Innovations in the 21st Century, Singapore, Times Media, Chapter 5, pp 97-116.
India
Yong, James SL and Sameer Sachdeva (2003): India: e-Progress in the States, in Yong, James SL (2003) (ed.): E-government in Asia: Enabling Public Service Innovations in the 21st Century, Singapore, Times Media, Chapter 6, pp 117-146.
Korea
Jeong, Kuk-Hwan (2006): E-government: The Road to Innovation: Principles and Experiences in Korea, Seoul, Korea, Gil-Job-E Media, March.
Yong, James SL and Jeffery BH Tan (2003): e-Korea: High Bandwidth, High Growth, in Yong, James SL (2003) (ed.): E-government in Asia: Enabling Public Service Innovations in the 21st Century, Singapore, Times Media, Chapter 7, pp 147-174.
Malaysia
Yong, James SL (2003): Malaysia: Advancing Public Administration into the Information Age, in Yong, James SL (2003) (ed.): E-government in Asia: Enabling Public Service Innovations in the 21st Century, Singapore, Times Media, Chapter 8, pp 175-203.
New Zealand
Cullen, Rowena (2006): E-government in New Zealand, in Hernon, Peter, Rowena Cullen, and Harold C.Relya (eds.) (2006): Comparative Perspectives on E-government: Serving Today and Building for Tomorrow, Lanham, Maryland, Scarecrow Press, Chapter 6, pp 102-124.
Singapore
Tan, Jeffery BH and James SL Yong (2003): Many Agencies, One Government- Singapore’s Approach to Public Service Delivery, in Yong, James SL (2003) (ed.): E-government in Asia: Enabling Public Service Innovations in the 21st Century, Singapore, Times Media, Chapter 9, pp 204-240.
Taiwan
Yong, James SL (2003): Digital Taiwan- Towards a Green Silicon Island, in Yong, James SL (2003) (ed.): E-government in Asia: Enabling Public Service Innovations in the 21st Century, Singapore, Times Media, Chapter 10, pp 241-267.
Thailand
Yong, James SL and Poranee Phureesitr (2003): Thailand: eGovernment for Public Service Reform, in Yong, James SL (2003) (ed.): E-government in Asia: Enabling Public Service Innovations in the 21st Century, Singapore, Times Media, Chapter 11, pp 268-298.
United Kingdom
Hernon, Peter (2006): E-government in the United Kingdom, in Hernon, Peter, Rowena Cullen, and Harold C.Relya (eds.) (2006): Comparative Perspectives on E-government: Serving Today and Building for Tomorrow, Lanham, Maryland, Scarecrow Press, Chapter 3, pp 55-65.
United States
West, Darrel M. (2005): Digital Government: Technology and Public Sector Performance, Princeton, N.J, Princeton University Press. September
Seifert, Jeffrey W. (2006): E-government in the United States, in Hernon, Peter, Rowena Cullen, and Harold C.Relya (eds.) (2006): Comparative Perspectives on E-government: Serving Today and Building for Tomorrow, Lanham, Maryland, Scarecrow Press, Chapter 2, pp 25-54.
E-GOVERNMENT: CULTURAL BARRIERS
Margetts, Helen and Patrick Dunleavy (2002): Cultural Barriers to E-government, London, National Audit Office, http://www.governmentontheweb.org/downloads/papers/Cultural_Barriers.pdf
E-GOVERNMENT: DEFINITION
Misra, D.C. (2007): Defining E-government: A citizen-centric criteria-based approach, e-Governance Compendium 2007, New Delhi, Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG), Government of India, 10th National Conference on e-Governance, February 2-3, 2007, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, Theme: Avant-garde issues in e-governance, http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UNPAN/UNPAN025373.pdf,
http://topics.developmentgateway.org/egovernment/rc/filedownload.do?itemId=1089317
E-GOVERNMENT: ELECTRONIC CIVICS
Fountain, Jane E. (2003): Electronic Government and Electronic Civics, Cambridge, MA, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, January 2003, RWP03-001, http://ksgnotes1.harvard.edu/Research/wpaper.nsf/rwp/RWP03-001/$File/rwp03_001_fountain_rev1.pdf.
E-GOVERNMENT: ELECTRONIC ENGAGEMENT
Chen, Dr Peter (2007): Electronic Engagement: A Guide for Public Sector Managers, Canberra, ACT, Australia, ANU E Press, the Australia and New Zealand School of Government, the Australian National University
E-GOVERNMENT: ELECTRONIC RECORDS MANAGEMENT
PRO (Public Record Office) (2001): e-Government Policy Framework for Electronic Records Management, Surrey, United Kingdom, the Author, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/electronicrecords/pdf/egov_framework.pdf (accessed: July 2, 2006)
E-GOVERNMENT: GOOD GOVERNMENT
Saarenpää, Ahti (2003): E-government - Good Government: An impossible equation?
LIACTES/IFIP Workshop on E-Government: Legal, Technical and Pedagogical Aspects, Albarracin, Spain, 8-10 May, http://www.unizar.es/derecho/fyd/lefis/documentos/albaralop.pdf (accessed: June 24, 2006)
E-GOVERNMENT: HANDBOOK
CDT (The Center for Democracy and Technology) (2002): The E-government Handbook for Developing Countries, Washington, D.C., The Center for Democracy and Technology, November, A Project of InfoDev and the Center for Democracy and Technology, http://cdt.org/egov/handbook/2002-11-14egovhandbook.pdf
E-GOVERNMENT: HISTORY
India
Misra, D.C. (2007): Sixty Years of Development of E-governance in India (1947-2007): Are there Lessons for Developing Countries? ACM International Conference Proceeding Series; Vol. 232, Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Theory and practice of electronic governance, Macao, China, Session: Development and electronic governance, Pages 337-340, http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1328057.1328127
United States
Relyea, Harold C. and Henry B. Hogue (2004): A Brief History of the Emergence of Digital Government in the United States, in Pavlichev, Alexi and G.David Garson (eds.) (2004): Digital Government: Principles and Best Practices, Hershey, PA, Idea Publishing, Chapter II, pp 16-33.
E-GOVERNMENT: IMPACT
Siau, Keng and Yuan Long (2004): Factors Impacting E-government Development,
http://aisel.isworld.org/pdf.asp?Vpath=ICIS/2004&PDFpath=2004RP18.pdf (accessed: July 2, 2006)
E-GOVERNMENT: IMPLEMENTATION
Gauld, Robin and Shaun Goldfinch with Tony Dale (2006): Dangerous Enthusiasms: E-government, Computer Failure and Information System Development, Dunedin, New Zealand, Otago University Press
E-GOVERNMENT IN INDIA
Prabhu, C.S.R. (2004): E-Governance: Concepts and Case Studies, New Delhi, Prentice-Hall
E-GOVERNMENT: INNOVATION AND INNOVATIVE PRACTICES
DESA (Department of Economic and Social Affairs), United Nations (2005): Compendium- E-government Innovative Practices, New York, the Author. December. ST/ESK/PAD/SER.E/78, available: http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan022196.pdf
Kamarck, Elaine (2004): Government Innovation Around the World, Cambridge, MA, Ash Institute for Democratic Governance and Innovation, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, February, Faculty Research Working Papers Series, RWP04-010 http://www.ashinstitute.harvard.edu/Ash/kamarck_global_innovations.pdf (accessed: July 1, 2006)
E-GOVERNMENT- LEADERSHIP
GOVERNMENT LEADER is “a quarterly magazine focused on the practical lessons of how public workers are getting extraordinary things done in government by leading and managing effectively. GOVERNMENT LEADER doesn’t dwell on policies or politics. Rather, it explores the management challenges federal financial, acquisition, human resource, technology, and program managers all face — and their efforts to overcome them. Published by PostNewsweek Tech Media, a wholly owned subsidiary of The Washington Post Co.” Check it at http://www.governmentleader.com/about/
PCIP (Pacific Council on International Policy), The Working Group on E-Government in the Developing World (2002): Roadmap for E-government in the Developing World: 10 Questions E-government Leaders Should Ask Themselves, Los Angeles, CA, the Author, April, www.pacificcouncil.org/pdfs/e-gov.paper.f.pdf
Strengthening e-Government Leadership and Institutions: Key Models, Roles, and Lessons Learned as part of the e-Gov VC Series under Joint Economic Research Program of the Government of Kazakhstan and the World Bank, January 19, 2006, Kazakhstan, USA, Korea, Estonia, Sri Lanka e-Government Practice http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/EXTPROGRAMS/EXTTRADERESEARCH/0,,contentMDK:20789064~menuPK:381330~pagePK:390737~piPK:390739~theSitePK:544849,00.html
An Emerging Model-of-Use for Developing Countries
http://learnlink.aed.org/Publications/Sourcebook/chapter6/Foundations_egov_modelofuse.pdf
E-GOVERNMENT: LITERATURE REVIEW
Faya, Paul (2003): E-Government: Literature Review, on behalf of the Privy Council Office (PCO), Management Priorities and Senior Personnel Secretariat, Government of Canada, September 12, http://www.sociedadinformacion.unam.mx/pdfs/Final%20E-Government%20Literature%20Review%20(Sept%202001).PDF. (accessed: June 28, 20006)
Dada, Danish (2006): The Failure of E-government in Developing Countries: A Literature Review, The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries (EJISDC), 26, 7, 1-10, http://www.ejisdc.org/ojs2/index.php/ejisdc/article/viewFile/277/176 (accessed: October 15, 2008).
Muir, Adrienne and Charles Oppenheim (2002): National Information Policy Development Worldwide 1: Electronic Government, Journal of Information Science, 28(3)173-86.
E-GOVERNMENT- MANUAL
BSI (Bundesamt für Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik), Federal Office for Information Security (BSI), Germany, E-government Manual, Bonn, Germany, the Author, available http://www.bsi.bund.de/english/themes/egov/6_en.htm (accessed: June
21, 2006).
E-GOVERNMENT: MODEL BASED ON KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT
Manuel,Paul (2005): A Model of E-Governance Based On Knowledge Management, Journal of Knowledge Management Practice, June.
ABSTRACT: EGovernance has not made enough impact on the people as eCommerce and eLearning have done. There are several barriers on the roads of EGovernance. From the software engineering point of view, EGovernance has a lot of characteristics, which are different from eCommerce and eLearning. Unlike eCommerce and eLearning, EGovernance needs to be proactive. While eCommerce and eLearning involve
Information Management, EGovernance involves Knowledge Management (KM). Knowledge management is the management of information, skill, experience, innovation, and intelligence. Our model of Governance based on Knowledge Management System (KMS) is built on KM cycle of Knowledge capturing, Knowledge sharing, Knowledge enhancing, and Knowledge preserving. The development model of EGovernance based on Information Management System (IMS) applies a cycle-based process such as waterfall, spiral or iterative process. EGovernance is a combination of interaction and integration. This paper studies a development model of KMS-based EGovernance that is path-based process. This model provides an environment where the system grows with the people. (Source: http://www.tlainc.com/articl89.htm).
E-GOVERNMENT: MUNICIPALITIES
Melitski, J., Holzer, M., Kim, S.-T., Kim, C.-G., & Rho, SY . (2005): Digital Government Worldwide: An e-Government Assessment of Municipal Web-sites. International Journal of E-Government Research, 1(1) 01-19.
E-GOVERNMENT: PERFORMANCE
Stowers, Genie N. L.(2004): Measuring the Performance of E-Government, Washington, D.C., IBM Center for The Business of Government, March, http://www.businessofgovernment.org/pdfs/8493_Stowers_Report.pdf
E-GOVERNMENT: PRIVACY
GIPI (Global Internet Policy Institute) (2003): Privacy and E-Government: Privacy Impact Assessments and Privacy Commissioners –Two Mechanisms for Protecting Privacy to Promote Citizen Trust Online, Washington, D.C., Center for Democracy and Technology (CDT) and Internews, May 1, http://www.internetpolicy.net/practices/030501pia.pdf
E-GOVERNMENT: REGIONAL STUDIES
Yong, James SL (ed.) (2003): E-Government in Asia: Enabling Public Service Innovation in Asia, Singapore, Times Media
E-GOVERNMENT RESEARCH
Heinze, Nathan and Qing Hu (2005):E-Government Research: A Review via the Lens of Structuration Theory, Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems 2005, http://www.pacis-net.org/file/2005/399.pdf (accessed: July 2, 2006)
E-GOVERNMENT AND SEMANTIC WEB
Altova (2006): What is the Semantic Web? http://www.altova.com/semantic_web.html (accessed: May 21, 2006)
Klischewski, Ralf (2003): Semantic Web for e-Government, Hamburg, Germany, Hamburg University, Informatics Department, http://is.guc.edu.eg/uploads/egov2003_klischewski.pdf.
Sidoroff, Teemu and Eero Hyv¨onen (2005): Semantic E-government Portals– A Case Study,Proceedings of the ISWC-2005 Workshop Semantic Web Case Studies and Best Practices for eBusiness SWCASE05, Nov, 2005, http://www.seco.tkk.fi/publications/2005/sidoroff-hyvonen-semantic-e-government-2005.pdf
E-GOVERNMENT-SCENARIO BUILDING
Aichholzer, Georg (2004): Scenarios of e-Government in 2010 and implications for strategy design, Electronic Journal of E-Government, 2(1)1-10, http://www.ejeg.com/volume-2/volume2-issue-1/v2-i1-art1-aicholzer.pdf (accessed: May
21, 2006)
Abstract: This contribution focuses on e-Government as a comprehensive change programme and develops alternative scenarios with a view towards 2010. Empirical evidence of substantial risks to a successful implementation and operation of e-Government calls for a forward-looking approach and possible ways of correcting a wide-spread neglect of long-term innovation risks. The paper explores the scenario method as an established instrument for improving strategic decisions in a context of change, uncertainty and complex environments. Its application in a Europe-wide research project leads to three macro-scenarios with divergent implications for e-Government prospects. The conclusions suggest particular requirements for developing more robust e-Government strategies and encourage a wider use of scenario processes.
Prisma (Providing Innovative Service Models and Assessment) (2002): Report on pan-European scenario-building, February, Information Societies Technologies (IST) Programme, http://www.prisma-eu.net/deliverables/D8-4.PDF (accessed: June 28, 2006)
E-GOVERNMENT – THE STATE OF ART
Misra, D.C. (2006): E-government: The State of Art Today, Keynote Presentation at Seminar on Using the Internet for Electronic Delivery of Government Services, Internet Fiesta 2006, March 20, http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/internetfiesta/file/misra.ppt#2 (accessed June 24, 2006)
Misra, D.C. (2006): E-government: The State of Art Today-2, A Presentation at the Official Launching of the Government-to-Government System and CIO Workshop, Thursday, May 25, 2006, Ebene Cyber Tower, Rose Hill, Mauritius, http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/ncb/file/E-government.ppt (accessed: June 24, 2006)
Traunmuller, R. (2004): The State of the Art of E-government in Europe: An Outline, Information and Communication Technologies: From Theory to Applications, 2004, Proceedings, 2004 International Conference on, http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1307581&isnumber=29024
Abstract: Government is key to modernizing public administration and to reorient public governance. So administrative work itself is coming under scrutiny. e-Government can transform and improve the entire scope of administrative action and the political processes. So e-Government is both, vision of a future Government and the reality we have to live in today. We present the conclusions of the e-Europe Awards 2003 of the EU (i.e. a big official evaluation of 460 projects with results presented in July 2003 in Como). The e-Government application scenery reviewed encompasses three sectors: 1. Promoting a knowledge based economy, 2. Rendering information and services to citizens and business customers, and 3. Enhancing governmental cooperation
E-GOVERNMENT – SUPERSITE
Death of Surfer…Birth of Supersite
New research published by Directgov, the U.K. Government portal launched in April 2004 and subsequently expanded, points to a new era in the use of the internet that experts are calling the `Supersite' phenomenon, according to a press release.* Despite 75.8 million websites (and 6 billion pages) in existence, people are no longer `surfing' widely over the whole net, with over half of internet-using Britons (51%) visiting just six or less sites on a regular basis.
The research for DirectGov was carried out online by Tickbox.net, a market research organization, between February 17, 2006 and February 21, 2006 (n=1535 UK adults aged 16+). Three quarters of people questioned say the internet is indispensable to their daily lives and more than nine out of ten (95%) say they go online with a specific destination in mind. People are now using the internet more smartly, visiting a handful of destination websites that have emerged as `Supersites' due to their importance to people's lives, says the release
When asked what factors were most important in a website they visited regularly, the majority of respondents said that it needed to be: Trusted (60%), Tried and tested (56%), Familiar (53%) and Reliable (51%). The research suggests that using just one banking,shopping, travel information and holiday website is enough for one person to keep their life well-managed. 75% of respondents said that they would welcome a website that gave them access to public services all in one place. 75% of respondents said that they would welcome a website that gave them access to public services all in one place.
The lesson from this revealing piece of research is: More eGov websites are not required but more services in one eGov website are! Check the press release at *http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/e-
government/docs/direct_gov/final_tickbox_report_press_release.pdf and full research report at
http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/e-
government/docs/direct_gov/final_tickbox_report.pdf
E-GOVERNMENT-TEACHING
Cevenini, Claudia (2003): Intelligent Agents and the Teaching of E-Government, LIACTES/IFIP Workshop on E-Government: Legal, Technical and Pedagogical Aspects, Albarracin, Spain, 8-10 May, http://www.unizar.es/derecho/fyd/lefis/documentos/Cevenini_Albarracin_def.pdf
(accessed: June 24, 2006).
E-GOVERNMENT-TECHNOLOGY
Neild, Ian and Ian Pearson (eds.) (2005): 2005 BT Technology Timeline, August, http://www.btinternet.com/~ian.pearson/web/future/2005timeline.doc (accessed: May 21, 2006).
E-GOVERNMENT-TRAINING
Aggarwal, A.K. (2003): Training in E-Government, in Gupta (ed.) (2003a) (q.v.), Chapter 27, pp 194-8
Gupta, Piyush (2003): Educating Administrators on E-Governance: The First Step for Success, in Gupta (ed.) (2003a) (q.v.), Chapter 29, pp 207-14
G. Matthew Bonham, Jeffrey W. Seifert and Stuart J. Thorson (2003): The Transformational Potential of e-Government: The Role of Political Leadership, http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/maxpages/faculty/gmbonham/ecpr.htm
E-GOVERNMENT-TEXT BOOKS
Garson, G.David (2006): Public Information Technology and E-governance : Managing the Virtual State, Sadbury, MA, Jones and Bartlett.
Heeks, Richard (2006): Implementing and Managing eGovernment: An International Text, London, Sage Publications
E-GOVERNMENT: WEBSITE EVALUATION
Vaclav Petricek, Tobias Escher, Ingemar J. Cox, Helen Margetts (2006): The Web Structure of E-Government - Developing a Methodology for Quantitative Evaluation,
http://www.governmentontheweb.org/downloads/papers/WWW2006-Web_Structure_of_E_Government.pdf (accessed: June 27, 2006)
E-GOVERNMENT: WIKI TECHNOLOGY
Wagner, Christian, Karen S.K. Cheung and Rachael K.F. Ip and Stefan Böttcher (2006): Building Semantic Webs for e-government with Wiki technology, Electronic Government, 3(1)36-55, http://colab.cim3.net/file/work/SICoP/2006-02-09/EGov%20Wiki.pdf (accessed: May 21, 2006)
GENDER EQUALITY
CS (Commonwealth Secretariat): The Commonwealth Plan of Action for Gender Equality 2005-2015, London, the Author, http;//www/thecomonwealth.org/gender
GOVERNANCE
ECA (Economic Commission for Africa (2005?): Striving for Good Governance in Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, the Author. Synopsis of the 2005 African Governance Report Prepared for the African Development Forum IV, www.uneca.org/agr/agren.pdf
Hyden, Goran, Julius Court and Kenneth Mease (2004): Making Sense of Governance: Empirical Studies from Sixteen Developing Countries, Boulder, CO, Lynne Rienner Publishers
Scott, Graham (2001): Public Management in New Zealand: Lessons and Challenges, Canberra, Australian National University, Centre for Law and Economics
Scott, Graham (2003): Learning Government, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/25/28/249818.pdf (accessed: October 9, 2005)
Kettl, Donald F. (2000): The Global Public Management Revolution, Washington, D.C., Brookings Institution Press
GOVERNANCE- INDICATORS
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme), Bureau for Development Policy, Democratic Governance Group and European Commission (EC) (2004): Governance Indicators: A User’s Guide, Oslo, Norway, UNDP Oslo Governance Centre, http://www.undp.org/oslocentre/docs04/UserGuide.pdf (accessed: July 2, 2006)
GOVERNMENT- ICT SPENDING
WITSA (World Alliance for Information Technology) (2006): Digital Planet 2006: The Global Information Economy, Executive Summary, Arlington, VA, http://www.witsa.org/digitalplanet/2006/DP2006_ExecSummary.pdf (accessed: July 5, 2006)
It “provides detailed statistics on global ICT spending covering 75 countries, 11 vertical market segments, and forecast data extending through 2009.”
E-PAYMENT
Paunov, Caroline and Graham Vickery (2006): Online Payment Systems for E-Commerce, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry, Committee for Information, Computer and Communications Policy, Working Party on the Information Economy, April 18, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/37/19/36736056.pdf (accessed: June 17, 2006)
This is a report which was presented to the Working Party on the Information Economy as part of its work on factors affecting the development of e-business and digital delivery in June 2005. It “analyses the recent development of online payment systems for e-commerce, covering different payment mechanisms, the extent to which these different systems are used and the implications of industry characteristics and network effects. It discusses drivers and impediments to the uptake of payment systems and identifies some policy issues for further examination.” Further “A set of emerging issues and barriers to the uptake of online payment systems is briefly listed, covering standards and co-ordination challenges, network and competition issues, and improving statistical information.”
E-SERVICE
Rust, Ronald T. and P.K. Kannan (2002): e-Service: New Directions in Theory and Practice, Armonk, NY, M.E.Sharpe
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (FDI)
Gholami, Raghieh, Sang-Yong Tom Lee and Almas Helmati (2005): The Causal Relationship between ICT and FDI, Helsinki, Finland, United Nations University - World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER), Research Paper No. 2005/26, June, available: http://www.wider.unu.edu/publications/rps/rps2005/rp2005-26.pdf (accessed: November 5, 2005)
Is there any causal relationship between investment in information and communication technology (ICT) and foreign direct investment (FDI) for economic growth? In this timely study, based on an empirical analysis of ICT data in a sample of 23 developed and developing countries, namely, Austria, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Denmark, Finland, France, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Norway, Singapore, Sweden, Turkey, the UK and US for 1976–99, Gholami et al.,* inter alia, observe that the world is rapidly moving toward an information-based economy and economies equipped with the essential ICT infrastructure have been moving towards an information-based economy (p-3).
Gholami et al. report that in developed countries, existing ICT infrastructure attracts FDI; a higher level of ICT investment leads to a higher level of FDI inflows. This suggests that ICT contributes to productivity and economic growth indirectly by attracting more FDI. But in developing countries the direction of causality goes instead from FDI to ICT. In developed countries an ICT capacity exists which causes inflow of FDI, while in developing countries ICT capacity must be built up in order to attract FDI. The inflow of FDI causes further increases in ICT investment and production capacity building (p-10). A policy prescription which appears to flow from this study is that developing countries must step up investment in ICT in case they want greater flow of FDI.
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) AND JOB SATISFACTION
Danziger, James and Debora Dunkle (2005): Information Technology and Worker Satisfaction, Irvine, CA, Center for Research on Information Technology and Organizations (CRITO), School of Social Sciences, University of California, available:
http://crito.uci.edu/papers/2005/ITWorkerSatisfaction.pdf (accessed: December 4, 2005)
The overall job satisfaction is negatively related to the number of hours per day that the worker uses the computer, reports this recent U.S. research study. According to the study: “This might indicate that when human-computer engagement becomes too dominant in one’s work, relative to more direct interaction with other people, there is a decline in overall satisfaction with one’s work.” The study reports: “First, similar to other research, this sample of workers is more likely to have high job satisfaction where continuous learning is encouraged, the job provides a higher level of autonomy, job stress (as measured by time pressure) is not a problem, and the worker perceives he/she has influence with supervisors and with work group members."
The study also reports: “Secondly, job satisfaction is associated with certain elements of the informational and organizational context. Satisfaction is greater in: (1) an information-rich environment – that is, in an organization in which information is available, accessible and up-to-date; and (2) in an information systems-rich environment -- that is, one in which the computer systems are reliable and software is stable.”
This research is part of the People, Organizations, and Information Technology project of the Center for Research on Information Technology and Organizations (CRITO) at the University of California, Irvine, which analyses “how information technology (IT), especially the Internet, transforms people's lives in such areas as the home, work, civic life, and school.” The study is based on a survey of 1200 individuals in 12 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) in the United States.
INFORMATION ECONOMY
UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) (2005): Information Economy Report 2005, New York and Geneva, the Author, UNCTAD/SDTE/ECB/2005/1, available: http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/sdteedc20051_en.pdf (accessed: December 4, 2005)
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY: RETURN ON INVESTMET
Cresswell, Anthony M.(2004): Return on Investment In Information Technology: A Guide for Managers, Albany, NY, University at Albany, SUNY, Center for Technology in Government, August, http://www.ctg.albany.edu/publications/guides/roi (accessed: June 28, 2006)
MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT AND CONSULTING
Coulson-Thomas, Colin (2001): Information and knowledge management, in Curnow and Barry (eds.) (2001) (q.v.), Chapter 4.10, pp 323-33
Curnow, Barry and Jonathan Reuvid (eds.) (2001): The International Guide to Management Consultancy: The Evolution, Practice and Structure of Management Consultancy Worldwide, London, Kogan Page
Prokopenko, Joseph (ed.) (1998): Management development: A guide for the profession, Geneva, International Labour Office (ILO)
Kubr, M. (1997): How to select and use consultants: A client’s guide, Geneva, International Labour Office (ILO), Second impression, First published 1993. Management Development Series No.31
Kubr, M. (ed.) (2002): Management consulting: A guide to the profession, Geneva, International Labour Office (ILO), Fourth edition
REINVENTING GOVERNMENT
Osborne, David and Ted Gaebler (1993): Reinventing Government: The Five Strategies for Reinventing Government, New York, Plume
Osborne, David and Peter Plastrik (1998): Banishing Bureaucracy: The Five Strategies for Reinventing Government, New York, Plume
Osborne, David and Peter Plastrik (2000): The Reinventor’s Fieldbook: Tools for Transforming Government, San Francisco, Jossey-Bass
RETURN ON INVESTMENT IN INFORNMATION TECHNOLOGY
Cresswell, Anthony M. (2004): Return on Investment in Information Technology: A Guide for Managers, Albany, N.Y., Center for Technology in Government, University at Albany, SUNY, August, available: http://www.ctg.albany.edu/publications/guides/roi/roi.pdf (accessed: December 10, 2005)
TRAINING
Blanchard, P. Nick and James W.Thacker (2004): Effective Training: Systems, Strategies, and Practices, Upper Saddle River, N.J., Prentice-Hall, Second Edition.
© Dr D.C.Misra 2008
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